清代科举试卷违式问题探析

A Study of the Civil Service Examination Paper Violation Issue during the Qing Dynasty

清代科举制度在承继明代的基础上逐渐发展完善。自顺治二年恢复乡试起,清廷就开始对科场试卷违式问题高度关注,制定了相应的科场条例,并将这种严苛而烦琐的制度坚持至科举制终结。清代科场试卷违式可分为临文敬避、抬写格式与杂项违式三大类。若有违反者,清廷将通过罚科、黜落、革除功名和降调等手段对涉事士子、官员进行处罚。这就要求应试者在各级别、各场次考试中始终保持高度的注意力,以避免因试卷违式而带来的惩处。故而,平衡乡会试三场考试,而非仅仅“首重头场”,是清代士子在科举考试中的应对策略。

Since the restoration of the provincial civil service examination in 1645,the Qing government began to pay attention to the issue of test paper regulation violation.A series of policies and laws were accordingly made,which were carried to the end of the Qing dynasty.The regarded regulations can be divided into three categories:avoiding mentioning of the characters used by the emperor names,style rules,and miscellaneous.Violated examinees and responsible officials would be punished.Such a policy forced the examinees to manage to be highly concentrated all through the examinations.