中国学前教育思想的近现代开端——以清末到抗战时期“解放儿童”话语为中心的考察

The Modern Beginnings of Chinese Preschool Education Thought-An Examination Centering on the Discourse of“Emancipation of the Child”from the late Qing Dynasty to the War of Resistance Period

中国近现代学前教育思想的开端,与“解放儿童”话语有着密切的联系。清末“解放”概念获得了“摆脱外在束缚、追求独立自由”的新的含义,“解放”也成了一个涉及多种身份和对象的话语系统。“解放儿童”话语就诞生于这一背景之下,它源于妇女解放的诉求、国外解放儿童思想的译介,以及鲁迅的解放儿童思想的确立。在学前教育领域,先驱们努力探寻中国解放儿童的道路。科学心理学研究为解放儿童奠定了知识基础,解放儿童的思想不断在教育实践中得以发展。与此同时,“解放儿童”也与“儿童本位”出现了话语分歧,在抗战救国的背景下,“解放儿童”话语成为主流,融入民族解放的浪潮之中。近现代“解放儿童”话语也存在着困境,它与妇女解放话语一直没能有效兼容,同时也有失去儿童世界的危险。当今儿童仍然在解放的路途之上,儿童与妇女、国家民族的关系仍然需要继续进行思考和建设;同时,“儿童本位”的回归也有待这两种话语重新合流。

The beginning of modern preschool education thought in China is closely related to the discourse of“emancipation of children”.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,the word“emancipation”took on a new connotation of“freedom from external constraints and the pursuit of independence and freedom”.“Emancipation”has also become a discourse system involving multiple identities and objects.The discourse of“emancipation of children”came into being out of this background,which originated from the demand for women’s emancipation,the translation of foreign ideas of emancipation of children,and the establishment of Lu Xun’s idea of emancipation of children.In the field of preschool education,pioneers endeavored to explore the path of emancipating children in China.Scientific psychological research provided the knowledge base for the emancipation of children,and the idea of emancipation of children was constantly developed in educational practice.At the same time,the“liberation of the child”diverged from the“child-centeredness”approach,and in the context of The Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the discourse of“emancipation of children”became mainstream and was integrated into the national liberation discourse.In modern times,the discourse of“emancipation of children”has also been in a difficult position,as it has not been effectively compatible with the discourse of women’s liberation,and is in danger of losing the children’s world.Children today are still on the road to liberation,and there is still a need to continue thinking about and building the relationship between children and women,and between children and the nation;at the same time,the return of the“child-centeredness”of the two discourses has yet to be reintegrated.