中国盗掘文物犯罪的空间格局、作案模式及影响因素

Spatial Distribution,Crime Patterns,and Factors Influencing Criminal Looting of Cultural Relics in China

文章基于“中国裁判文书网”相关数据,运用数理统计、空间分析、文本分析等方法探究中国盗掘文物犯罪的空间分布格局、作案模式特征和主要影响因素。研究发现:1)被盗掘文物以秦汉及以前时期的在野古墓葬为主;盗掘文物犯罪人多为低学历、务农或无业的男性中老年。2)空间上,存在3个高发省域和3个次高发省域;热点区主要集中在豫、晋、陕交界地带,涉及7个热点市域;随时间变化,高发市域略有增减和转移,但整体范围相对稳定;微观地点上,高发于乡村耕地和山野林、荒地;国保单位与盗掘犯罪地都集聚于黄河中下游和长江下游地区,文物资源丰富的地区更易发生盗掘文物犯罪。3)犯罪出行空间模式以“市内盗掘”为主,“跨市盗掘”目的地集中于黄河、长江中下游地域并以中、短距离为主;多为4~9人团伙作案,分专业和偶然盗掘2类,作案过程可划为组队、谋划、实施、逃逸4个阶段。4)文物分布和打防政策是盗掘文物犯罪的重要影响因素,二者交互作用明显。

China has a long history and rich cultural heritage;however,the rampant criminal looting of ancient cultural sites and tombs(referred to as"cultural relics"in this study)poses a significant challenge to the construction of China's cultural confidence and security.Despite its importance,relatively little research has been conducted on this issue from the perspective of criminal geography.Therefore,this study focuses on China,utilizing such methods as text and spatial analyses and mathematical statistics based on relevant data from the"China Judgments Online"website to explore the spatial distribution and its evolution process,crime pattern characteristics,and the main influencing factors of the criminal looting of cultural relics.The research findings indicate that(1)the majority of looted cultural relics are ancient tombs from the Qin and Han dynasties or earlier periods.Crimes have been committed predominantly by middle-aged or older adult men with low levels of education who are typically engaged in farming or are unemployed.(2)Regarding spatial distribution,crime is mainly concentrated in the central and eastern regions,with three high-incidence provinces(Henan,Shanxi,and Shaanxi)and three sub-high-incidence provinces(Zhejiang,Shandong,and Anhui).The hotspots are mainly concentrated at the junction of Henan,Shanxi,and Shaanxi provinces,with seven hotspot cities,such as Luoyang and Yuncheng,and 16 sub-hotspot cities,such as Anyang,Hebi,and Xinxiang.Although slight changes and shifts have been observed over time in the high-incidence areas,their overall locations have remained relatively stable.At the micro level,these crimes frequently occur in farmlands,forests,and wastelands.Both criminal activities and protected heritage sites tend to cluster around the middle-lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze River regions;that is,regions with rich cultural relics are more susceptible to cultural relic theft.(3)The spatial mode of criminal travel is mainly"intra-city theft and excavation",and the destinations of"cross-city theft and excavation"are concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and the Yangtze Rivers,mainly in medium and short distances.Most crimes are committed by gangs of 4-9 people(accounting for 80.82%of cases).Crimes are divided into two categories:professional and occasional theft and excavation.The criminal process can be divided into four stages:teaming,planning,implementation,and escape.(4)The distribution of cultural relics and prevention policies are important factors that influence the criminal looting of cultural relics,and the interaction between them is obvious.This study explores the spatial distribution,crime patterns,and influencing factors of such crimes in China and expands the research field of criminal geography to a certain extent.It also provides a scientific reference for historic site protection policymakers.