《学位法》不授予学位兜底条款的法理阐释与实践限度

Jurisprudential interpretation and practical limits of The Academic Degrees Law's non-conferment of degrees tout de suite

我国《学位法》第37条第3项将“攻读期间存在依法不应当授予学位的其他严重违法行为”设置为兜底条款,保持了立法的开放性,但易导致高校的涉学位规则任意程度过高,引发学生权利保护争议。法理上,“不授予学位”事由可分为学术与非学术两类,因我国学位管理体制采学历与学位并行模式,大量非学术事由处于该条款涵摄范围内,导致条款明确性不足。从“法益”视角分析不授予学位兜底条款的实践表征,明确性不足导致条款适用界限模糊,引发学生权利与学位授予权力失衡和过度维护公共利益的问题。未来制定的“学位法实施条例”及相关规范应重申法律保留原则,增强不授予学位兜底条款整体上的明确性;应增设正当程序条款,平衡学位权利与学位授予权力;应遵守比例原则,促进不授予学位行为背后的公私利益平衡。

Article 37(3)of The Law on Academic Degrees sets“(those with)the existence of other serious illegal behaviors during the study period should not be awarded a degree according to the law”as tout de suite clause,which maintains the openness of the legislation,but at the same time,it is easy to lead to the excessive degree of arbitrariness of the degree rules of colleges and universities,which triggers disputes over the protection of the rights of the students.Jurisprudentially,“not granting a degree”can be divided into academic and non-academic categories.But,because China's degree management system adopts the parallel mode of academic qualifications and degrees,a large number of non-academic cases are within the scope of this provision,resulting in insufficient clarity of the provision.This article aims to analyze the practical manifestations of the non-degree granting provision from the perspective of“legal interests”,and problems such as lack of clarity that leads to the blurring of the boundaries of the provision's application,and at the same time raises the issue of imbalance between the rights of students and the power of degree granting,as well as the problem of over-protecting the public interest.The future“Regulations for the Implementation of the Academic Degrees Law”and related regulations should reaffirm the principle of legal reservation and enhance the clarity of the non-award of degrees provision,add due process provisions to balance the right to a degree with the power to award degrees,and observe the principle of proportionality to promote the balance of public and private interests behind the non-award of degrees.