数据公地悲剧的法理破解——迈向整体主义的个人数据规制模式

A Legal Approach to Resolving the Tragedy of the Commons in Data

大数据技术催生的个人数据外部性之泛在使得个人数据所承载的个体利益与整体利益呈现越来越明显的异质性特征,且其同质性结构也发生了明显变化。此种转变摧毁了个体主义个人数据规制模式的前提预设,通过保护个体权益以实现社会整体利益并对数据安全风险进行有效化解的解题思路已然难以为继,且诱发了“数据公地悲剧”这一社会结构性问题。大数据时代的个人数据规制模式应实现从个体主义向整体主义的转型:在本体论层面,整体主义个人数据规制模式应确立“个体利益+整体利益”的双重保护客体;在方法论层面,应构建起对个人数据承载之整体利益的有效保护机制,通过对个人数据承载的个体利益与整体利益作出有效整合,在社会层面塑造良好的个人数据处理秩序,使人类社会避免数据公地悲剧。

The ubiquitous externalities of personal data,fueled by big data technology,have led to increasingly evident heterogeneous characteristics between individual interests and overall in-terests carried by personal data,and significant changes in their homogeneous structure.This transformation undermines the presuppositions of the individualistic approach to personal data regulation.The problem-solving approach that seeks to protect individual rights and interests in order to achieve overall social benefits and effectively mitigate data security risks has become un-sustainable,and it has triggered the social structural issue known as the“Tragedy of the Com-mons in Data”.The regulation model of personal data in the era of big data should shift from in-dividualism to holism:at the ontological level,the holistic model of personal data regulation should establish a dual protection object of“individual interests+overall interests”;at the methodological level,an effective protection mechanism for the overall interests caried by personal data should be established.By effectively integrating the individual interests and overall in-terests carried by personal data,we can establish a good order for personal data processing at the social level,so that human society can avoid the tragedy of the data commons.