水库和水电站工程建设对陆栖脊椎动物的影响

The Impact of Reservoir and Hydropower Plant Construction on Terrestrial Vertebrates

水库和水电站工程建设在很多国家已经成为导致生物多样性丧失的人为因素之一。其致使动物栖息地丧失和片段化,造成一系列负面生态效应,包括生物多样性丧失、种群破碎化、动物群落结构改变、边缘效应、生态竞争加剧、外来物种入侵等。大型水坝还会阻碍河狸(Castor fiber)、水獭(Lutra lutra)等半水生哺乳动物的季节性迁移和扩散,在水库蓄水过程中亦可能淹没栖息地,造成动物被困和溺水死亡。鉴于此,本文梳理了自1970年以来国内外发表的相关研究案例,归纳了缓解水库对陆栖脊椎动物生态影响的措施,包括在库区周边及上下游目标物种的适宜栖息地范围建立严格保护区域,在专业指导下用科学的方法对动物加以救助和转移,在水库淹没区建设大型的陆桥岛屿以维持更高的动物多样性,利用连续的小型岛屿设置“水上动物通道”等,以期为未来水库和水电站工程建设中的野生动物保护措施和环境影响评价、监测工作提供理论支撑。

The construction of reservoirs and hydropower plants has become one of the key drivers of human-induced biodiversity loss in countries.It causes habitat loss and fragmentation,with the following biological consequences∶loss of biodiversity,population fragmentation,changes in animal community structure,edge effect,intensified ecological competition,invasion of alien species.Dams create barriers that interrupt the dispersal and seasonal migration of some semi-aquatic mammals,such as beaver(Castor fiber)and otter(Lutra lutra).During impoundment period,habitats are flooded,animals may be trapped within the inundation area and die from drowning.In view of this,this paper reviews relevant research cases published at home and abroad since 1970,and summarizes measures to mitigate the ecological impact of reservoirs on terrestrial vertebrates,including establishing strict protected areas around the reservoir area and suitable habitats for target species upstream and downstream;using scientific methods to rescue and transfer animals under the professional guidance;building large land-bridge islands in the flooded area of the reservoir to maintain higher animal diversity;using continuous small islands to set up"animal channels on water".The paper can provide theoretical support for the design of wildlife protection measures and environmental impact assessment,and monitoring of future reservior and hydropower plant construction projects.