我国微量元素肥料研究及应用的历程与展望

Development and prospect on research and application of micronutrient fertilizers in China

我国土壤中微量元素普遍缺乏,加之持续大量的氮、磷等化肥投入,加剧了土壤中微量元素的不足。微量元素缺乏已成为影响农作物生产的主要障碍之一,一些地方甚至成为人类微量元素缺乏的重要原因。施用微量元素肥料(以下简称微肥)是缓解植物微量元素缺乏的有效措施之一。我国较大规模、系统的微肥研究与应用始于20世纪70年代,微肥剂型经历了由传统无机盐类到螯合类、缓控释、纳米类等各种新型微肥的发展,微肥施用方式伴随微肥产品的创新而不断优化,微肥施用范围逐渐扩大到几乎所有作物类型。截至2024年4月中旬,大陆地区31个省级行政区除西藏外均有微量元素水溶肥料备案,山东和河南两省的备案数量最多,分别占全国的29.7%和26.2%。每年申请的微肥及制备方法相关专利数量在2011年后快速增加,到2016年达到年最高数量67项。然而,在农业农村部登记和备案的(含)微量元素肥料大多为复合型的水剂和粉剂,其他剂型产品很少。在实际生产中,基层科技人员和农民对微肥的认知依然不够,施用微肥后不能马上观察到显而易见的效果就怀疑微肥的功效,市场上微量元素肥料剂型单一,针对性不强,影响着微肥的研究应用与推广。从我国农业实际出发,今后需要加强以下几方面的工作:首先要协调微量元素与大量元素之间的均衡配比,建立适应“区域−土壤−作物”体系的微量元素养分综合管理体系;要持续研发环境友好且高效的微肥产品及配套技术,研究与轻减化施肥技术相适应的微肥剂型及其施用技术体系;此外,做好微肥质量监管,在基层中普及微肥的相关知识,提高对微肥重要性的认识,做到“产−学−研−管−用”一体化推进,促进我国微肥产业健康发展。

Lack of micronutrients in soil is very common in China.Continuous application of chemical fertilizers in large quantity leads to accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous in soils exaggerates the unbalance and deficiency of micronutrients,in some areas,micronutrient deficiency even causes the mal-micronutrition of human beings.Applying micronutrient fertilizers is an effective measure to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies of crops.The large-scale and systematic research and application of micronutrient fertilizers in China began in the 1970s.Up to now,the micronutrient fertilizer products in China have gone through the development from merely traditional inorganic salts to various types including chelating,slow/control-release,and nanoparticle micronutrient fertilizers.And the application methods are continuously optimized with the innovation of micro-fertilizer products.Micro-fertilizer has been promoted to almost all crop types.As of mid-April 2024,the 31 provincial�level administrative regions in the mainland of China,except Xizang,have all recorded micronutrient water-soluble fertilizer products,Shandong and Henan provinces have the largest number of records,accounting for 29.7%and 26.2%of the records in whole country,respectively.The annual number of applied patents relating to micronutrient fertilizers and preparation methods has rapidly increased since 2011,reaching a maximum of 67 pieces in 2016.However,the micronutrient fertilizers,including those containing micronutrients,that registered and recorded in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China are dominated by water-soluble complex fertilizers in liquored and powdered dosages.In the actual production,quite a lot of local agricultural technicians and users do not have enough and academic knowledge about the function and effect of micronutrients,they distrust micronutrient fertilizers if without immediate and visible effect.The micronutrient fertilizer products in the market are not selectable in dosages,and lack of specificity,impacting on the application and promotion of micronutrient fertilizers.From the actual quo of China,more works should be done in very recent future,firstly is to coordinate the comprehensive balance between micronutrients and macronutrients that is suitable for“region�soil-crop”system;continuously innovate the product dosages and supporting application technologies required by the trendy simple and less fertilization technology that is promoting across China;strengthen the popularization of micronutrient knowledge and the necessaries of using micronutrients in the intensive crop production systems at grassroots levels.In addition,more attention on the market supervision and product standard system of micro�fertilizers still need paid.In one word,an integrated action on micronutrient fertilizer should be promoted regrading to“production-academic research-marketing supervision-application”,for the healthy development of China’s micronutrient fertilizer industry.