脑机接口技术中神经数据的法律性质探析

Exploring the Legal Nature of Neurodata in Brain-computer Interface Technology

神经数据源自脑机接口技术对大脑神经活动的监测,具有生理和精神的双重面向。关于神经数据的法律性质,目前存在基于“神经例外主义”的新型权利创设说与基于原有权利的扩大解释说两种构造方式。神经数据来源不限于医疗场域,范围与健康医疗数据不相匹配,且其兼具生物识别与健康医疗的双重属性,不宜以一般数据规制;加之数字经济流通利用的需求,难以被隐私所涵盖。其兼具人格和财产属性的特征,宜将神经数据确认为与生物识别、医疗健康等相并列的敏感个人信息,强调兼顾数据利用和信息保护的要求,以应对脑机接口技术在医疗和商业等领域发展的新机遇。

Neurodata originates from the monitoring of neural activity in the brain by brain-computer interface(BCI)technology,and has both physiological and psychological dimensions.With regard to the legal nature of neurodata,there are currently two primary approaches:constructing a new type of right based on"neurological exceptionalism",and an expanded interpretation based on the original right.The source of neurodata is not limited to medical field,and does not fully align with the scope of healthcare data.Given its dual characteristics of both biometric and healthcare data,it should not be regulated as general data.In addition,it is difficult to be covered by privacy due to the demand for circulation and utilization in the digital economy.With the characteristics of both personality and property attributes,it is appropriate to recognize neurodata as sensitive personal information alongside biometrics and healthcare,emphasizing the requirement of balancing data utilization and information protection,in order to respond to the emerging opportunities for BCI technology in medical and commercial fields.