法源理论视角下的清代刑事法律渊源

Sources of Criminal Law in the Qing Dynasty in the Perspective of the Legal Sources Theory

由于没有受到法源理论的指导,既有清代刑事法律渊源研究不仅无法统一各种法律渊源的分类和内容,也无法很好地指明各种法律渊源之间的相互关系。法源理论视角下,清代刑事法律渊源问题研究应在法的适用立场下进行,去寻找那些为案件审判能够提供规范性依据的那些法的创制(规范)行为或事实,并弄清楚裁判依据范围有多大,不同法律渊源适用的层级或顺序为何。法源理论下,法律渊源分为效力渊源和认知渊源。清代刑事法律渊源中属于效力渊源的有律文和例文,属于认知渊源的有刑部通行、司法成案和秋审中的“实体性”规范以及被比附加减的律例。

The study of the sources of Qing Dynasty criminal law faces challenges in classifying and understanding various legal sources without the guidance of legal sources theory.This absence hinders the ability to unify the categorization and content of different legal sources,as well as to clarify the interrelationships among them.Through the perspective of legal sources theory,studies of the sources of criminal law in Qing Dynasty should be carried out under the stance of law application,to search for those acts or facts of law creation that can provide normative basis for the trial of the case,and to find out how large the scope of the basis for adjudication is,and what is the level or order of application of the different sources of law.Under the legal sources theory,legal sources can be classified into sources of validity and sources of cognition.Among the sources of criminal law in the Qing Dynasty,the sources of validity were the statutes and sub-statutes,while sources of cognition encompass departmental regulations,judicial precedents,substantive norms in autumn trials,and statutes subject to analogical interpretation.