行政处罚中“主观过错”的教义分析与判断适用——以生态环境行政处罚为例

ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF“SUBJECTIVEFAULT”IN ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES——TAKING ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVEPENALTIES AS AN EXAMPLE

2021年《行政处罚法》修订后,正式确立了“主观过错”条款。就法条内容而言,该条款具体规定了三项相关制度:行政处罚的定罚要件包括主观过错、量罚阶段需区分故意与过失以及“主观过错”条款的“另有规定”。就其适用情况而言,以生态环境行政处罚为例,“主观过错”条款面临着主观过错判断标准不明确的困境。为规范主观过错判断标准的具体适用,应将意外事件、不可抗力作为不予处罚的情形,引入注意义务、注意能力、信赖利益、对结果的掌控力等因素进行考量,以期达到行政机关、司法机关更加审慎地对待行政处罚中“主观过错”的目的。

After the revision of the Administrative Penalty Law in 2021,the“subjective fault”clause was officially established.In terms of the content of the legal provisions,this provision specifically stipulates three relevant systems:the elements for determining administrative penalties include subjective fault,the need to distinguish between intentional and negligent actions during the penalty stage,and the“other provisions”of the“subjective fault”clause.Regarding its application,with ecological and environmental administrative penalties as the entry point,the“subjective fault”clause faces the dilemma of the lack of clarity in the criteria for subjective fault judgment.Based on this,in order to standardize the specific application of subjective fault judgment standards,unexpected events and force majeure should be considered as non-punitive situations,and factors such as duty of care,ability to care,trust interests,and control over results should be taken into consideration,in order to achieve the actual effect of administrative and judicial organs being more cautious in treating“subjective fault”in administrative penalties.