美国《外国情报监视法案》的历史演进及其当代争议与启示

The Historical Evolution of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ofthe United States and Its Contemporary Controversies and Enlightenment

[研究目的]总结和归纳美国《外国情报监视法案》的历史演进过程,综合分析FISA法案的当代争议与美国情报机构权力扩张与制衡之间的关系,有利于进一步了解美国情报法律框架的演变及其对个人隐私权和国家利益平衡的影响。[研究方法]运用案例研究法和系统分析法,从政治极化、国家安全、竞争情报、科技情报战略等方面审视和剖析《外国情报监视法案》的动态演变。[研究结论]美国FISA的历史演进揭示了美国情报监控法律体系所面临的当代争议,未来将在情报政治化武器化、“国家竞争”、应对新技术挑战和情报商业化、加强情报监督机制和隐私权保护等方面持续关注。各国应通过加强法律和政策框架调整、提升技术自主能力、加强国际情报合作、推动设立情报监督机制和完善情报透明度建设等方面应对不断变化的安全挑战和科技变革。

[Research purpose]Summarizing and concluding the historical evolution of the U.S.Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act(FISA)and comprehensively analyzing the relationship between contemporary controversies over FISA and the expansion of power and checks and balances of the U.S.intelligence agencies will be conducive to a further understanding of the evolution of the U.S.legal framework for intelligence and its impact on the balance between individual privacy rights and national interests.[Research method]Using case study and systematic analysis to examine and analyze the dynamic evolution of the FISA in terms of political polarization,national security,competitive intelligence,and scientific and technical intelligence strategy.[Research conclusion]The historical evolution of FISA reveals the contemporary controversies facing the United States legal system for intelligence surveillance,and there will be continued attention in the future on the weaponization of intelligence politicization,"national competition",addressing the challenges of new technologies and the commercialization of intelligence,strengthening the intelligence oversight mechanism and privacy protection.States should respond to evolving security challenges and scientific and technological changes by strengthening the adjustment of legal and policy frameworks,enhancing technological autonomy,strengthening international intelligence cooperation,promoting the establishment of an intelligence oversight mechanism and improving intelligence transparency.