降低我国农产品物流成本的现实困境与实现路径

Practical Dilemma and Implementation Approaches for Reducing Costs in China's Agricultural Product Logistics

降低农产品物流成本是全社会物流降本增效过程的重要环节,是现阶段农业产业转型升级的现实需求。从全链条和全流程视角剖析农产品物流成本的构成要素、现实问题与影响因素,提出农产品物流降本增效的创新模式。首先,从物流各环节功能结构与费用发生形态着手,厘清农产品物流成本的具体范畴与构成要素,农产品物流成本由生产加工成本、存储成本、流通成本、损耗成本与信息成本五个方面组成。其次,针对物流不同成本构成要素的管理现状进一步分析发现,我国农产品物流成本管理面临一系列现实问题:一是技术覆盖不全与操作不当导致的全流程高损耗;二是环节衔接不畅与技术滞后产生的流通运输高费用;三是劳动力资源配置不合理带来的高人工成本;四是技术投资的盲目性、重复性与依赖性引发的技术冗余高成本。再次,基于社会技术系统理论,围绕当前农产品物流成本管理面临的现实问题,挖掘和识别出农产品物流成本的影响因素,主要包括一个社会层面因素(物流主体特征)、两个技术层面因素(物流基础设施和信息技术水平)以及一个环境层面因素(行业市场环境)。最后,从多方参与主体的耦合协调视角出发,提出降低农产品物流成本的五维路径:一是促进全链条规模化、标准化与集约化整合,打通物流组织化降本路径;二是加快推进物流数字化发展,构建全流程信息化降本路径;三是推动冷链基础设施建设,强化物流技术性降本路径;四是优化行业市场环境,落实物流市场规范化降本路径;五是完善配套政策支持体系,支撑物流制度性降本路径。

Reducing the cost of agricultural product logistics is a crucial component of the overall process of lowering logistics costs and enhancing efficiency in the entire society;and it is also a practical requirement for the transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industry at this stage.The authors analyze the composition,current issues,and influencing factors of agricultural product logistics costs from a full-chain and full-process perspective,and propose innovative models for reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in agricultural product logistics.First,by examining the functional structure and cost occurrence patterns of various logistics stages,the specific scope and components of agricultural product logistics costs are clarified,identifying that these costs consist of five main elements:production and processing costs,storage costs,circulation costs,loss costs,and information costs.Second,further analysis of the management status quo of different cost components of logistics reveals that the cost management of agricultural product logistics in China faces a series of practical problems:first,the high loss of the whole process caused by incomplete technical coverage and improper operation;second,the high cost of circulation and transport arising from poor linkage and technological lag;third,the high cost of labour brought about by the irrational allocation of labour resources;and fourth,the the high cost of technological redundancy caused by the blindness,duplicity and dependence of technological investment.Third,based on the theory of socio-technical system,around the current reality of agricultural product logistics cost management,the factors affecting the cost of agricultural product logistics are mined and identified,mainly including a social level factor(characteristics of the logistics subject),two technical level factors(logistics infrastructure and information technology level),and an environmental level factor(industry market environment).Finally,the authors propose a five-dimensional path to reduce the logistics cost of agricultural products from the perspective of the coupling and coordination of multi-party participants:first,promote the integration of scale,standardization and intensification of the whole chain,and open up the path of cost reduction through logistics organization;second,accelerate the development of logistics digitization,and build a path to reduce the cost of the whole process of informatization;third,promote the construction of cold-chain infrastructure,and strengthen the path of cost reduction through logistics technology;fourth,optimize the industry market environment and implement the cost reduction path of logistics market standardization;and fifth,improve the support system of supporting policy to support the institutional logistics cost reduction path.