中国高龄老年女性的多重发展困境及其治理选择

Multiple Development Dilemmas of Oldest-Old Women in China and Governance Strategies

随着中国社会的快速变迁和人口老龄化进程的加剧,高龄老年女性群体正面临一系列复杂的挑战和困境。基于1998年、2008年和2018年中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查(CLHLS)的数据,研究全面剖析了高龄老年女性在个体、家庭和社会三个层面所遭遇的多重发展困境。可以发现,在个体层面,高龄老年女性普遍面临教育不平等与认知能力衰退、身体亚健康与自理能力限制、孤独感与心态消极等挑战;在家庭层面,她们往往遭遇晚年丧偶、独居空巢、经济自主性较低和照料资源不足等困境;在社会层面,医疗保障不充分、养老保障不完善、长期护理保障缺失等问题则更为突出。高龄老年女性是老龄社会社会治理的重要关注对象,针对她们的多重发展困境,亟需构建涵盖微观、中观和宏观三个层面的综合治理策略框架,明确精准识别、科学评估和积极应对的治理路径,全面推动老龄社会治理体系和治理能力现代化,提升高龄老年女性的生活质量和福祉。

With the rapid changes in Chinese society and the intensification of population aging,the oldest old women are facing complex challenges.Based on data from the 1998,2008,and 2018 Chinese Longevity and Healthy Living Survey(CLHLS),this study analyzed the multiple dilemmas encountered by the oldest old women at the individual,family,and social levels.At the individual level,this group of women often face,among other concerns,educational inequality and cognitive decline,sub-optimal health status,and limited self-care abilities,as well as feelings of loneliness and negativity.At the family level,they often encounter widowhood in later years,living alone in an empty nest,low economic autonomy,and insufficient care resources.At the societal level,issues such as inadequate medical security,imperfect elderly care systems,and the absence of long-term care insurance are even more prominent.China’s oldest old women are an important focus in the governance of aging societies.Countering these problems requires the construction of a comprehensive governance strategy framework that includes the micro,middle,and macro levels.The governance path must accurately identify,scientifically assesses,and actively address these issues to equitably modernize the governance system’s capabilities and to enhance the quality of life and well-being of China’s oldest old women.