现代社会的风险类型、形塑逻辑及其治理策略

Types,Formation Logic,and Governance Strategies of Risks in Modern Society

现代社会被标签为“风险社会”,一方面体现在风险类型的多样化,另一方面体现在风险类型之间的转化和扩散。其风险的形塑链条遵循“类型拓展”与“由实向虚”两种途径。在形塑过程中,体现了风险三种状态的嫁接和重叠:类型转化、扩散放大和实虚相张。遵循风险的形塑链条和形态嫁接,现代社会的风险治理,应该在三个方面进行:系统应对、技术治理和扎根情景。系统认识现代社会风险形态及其形塑逻辑有利于践行党的二十大对国家安全和重大风险防范的指示。

Modern society is called a risk society.With the development of science and technology,economic upgrading,and the increasingly close connection of society,the types of risks in modern society become more diversified,and the transformation and spreading of risk types become more complicated.Risks occur everywhere and their impacts are everywhere.However,academia has not presented a panoramic view of the types of risk in modern society,and the transformational chains and shaping logic between risks have yet to be systematically sorted out.Building on the characteristics of modern society,this study provides an overview of the types of risks in modern society.This study proposes that the types of risks that play a dominant role in the evolution of risks in modern society include technological risk,environmental risk,social risk,and political risk.They follow the evolutionary chain of technological risk-environmental risk-social risk-political risk.They shape the unique risk landscape of modern society.The shaping process shows three forms of risk grafting and overlapping:the type transformation,diffusion and amplification,and coexistence of the real and the virtual.Among the four types of risks,technological risk is the source of risks in modern societies,and environmental risk amplifies and generalizes these risks.On this basis,social risk affects individual behavior in modern society,and the construction of relevant social norms and institutions.Political risk triggers state action and even becomes an important consideration in the construction of political systems.The diffusion and amplification of risks have a cross-border,correlation,and resonance nature,which makes the horizon of risk concern and preventive initiatives not be limited to the original location of risks,but should be treated more systematically and comprehensively.Additionally,the natural and objective nature of risks is nested with its social and subjective nature,making the logic of risk shaping in modern society interspersed and superimposed between the natural and the social,and between the objective and the subjective.Following the paths and forms of risk formation,risk governance in modern society should be on three aspects:systematic treatment,using technological means,and based on different scenarios.Firstly,we should coordinate different types of risks,integrate the strengths of different fields,and carry out risk prevention and control based on the whole process and incorporating different perspectives.Secondly,we should always be aware of the risk factors embedded in the use of technology,use technology to empower the improvement of governance capacity,rely on technology to realize the elimination of specific risk factors,and develop technology to enhance social resilience.Thirdly,the inconsistency of the goals of risk response,the perceived state of risk,and the value judgment of risks are considered and solution strategies with applicable scope need to be constructed situationally.This study analyzes and summarizes the types of risks and the logic of shaping modern society,which deepens the understanding of risks in modern society and inspires academia to pay attention to and further explore in depth in this area.At the same time,the risk response strategies in modern society provide strategic references for China's practice of a holistic approach to national security,preventing and resolving major risks,and contributing to the governance of modern social risks.