摘要
In modern medical research, the analysis of biomarkers in biofluids such as blood, urine, saliva, and sweat is indispensable for revealing human physiological processes and disease states[1-4]. However, existing detection methods face significant challenges. Blood and urine analyses are not only inconvenient and costly but also struggle to achieve continuous monitoring. Saliva analysis can be compromised by food residues and bacteria. Additionally, the long-term use of sweat-inducing drugs or iontophoresis [5], aimed at enabling continuous monitoring of biomarkers in sweat for sedentary individuals, may result in discomfort and side effects [6,7].
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52125201)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z240025)。
