禅学中国化的关键点——以印顺的讨论为中心

The Turning Point of the Sinicization of Chan Buddhism:On Yinshun’s Viewpoint

关于禅学中国化的关键点,诸多学者如钱穆、任继愈、方立天等,均认为是禅宗六祖慧能。然而,与众不同的是,印顺将禅学中国化的关键点定为牛头禅,尤其是牛头宗初祖法融。印顺认为,禅学最终中国化是通过融摄了牛头禅而实现的,因此法融才是中华禅的建立者。深入分析可见,印顺对牛头禅的过度重视与其判教思想密切相关。在印顺的判教序列中,大乘佛学分为“性空唯名论”“虚妄唯识论”与“真常唯心论”三系。印顺认为,“性空唯名论”体现了“释尊之特见”,而“真常唯心论”是佛教梵化神化的结果,远离了释尊的本怀。因此,在中国禅宗史上扮演了无可替代之角色的只能是直承“性空唯名论”的牛头禅,而非“真常唯心论”流亚之达摩一系的如来(藏)禅。

Most scholars such as Qian Mu,Ren Jiyu and Fang Litian believed that Huineng is the turning point of the sinicization of Chan Buddhism.However,Yinshun believed that the turning point of the sinicization of Chan Buddhism was Niutou Chan school and its founder Niutou-Farong.Yinshun believes that the final sinicization of Zen was achieved through the fusion of Niutou Zen,so Fa Rong is the founder of Chinese Zen.In-depth analysis shows that Yinshun’s excessive emphasis on Niutou Zen is closely associated with his judgmental doctrine of Buddhism.Yinshun believed that Mahayana Buddhism could be divided into three schools,including“madhyamika”,“vijnanavada”and“tathagatagarbha”.Yinshun believed that“Madhyamika”is the creative idea of Shakyamuni Buddha,and“tathagatagarbha”is the result of the Sanskrit deification of Buddhism,far from the original bosom of Shakyamuni.Therefore,the irreplaceable role in the history of Chinese Zen Buddhism can only be the Niutou Zen that directly inherits“Madhyamika”,not the Nyorai(Tibetan)Zen of the Dharma line of“tathagatagarbha”.