论预备行为的风险评价

On the Risk Assessment of Preparatory Conduct

预备行为实行化成为中国刑法修正的一大趋向,呼唤着构建体系化的风险评价规则。预备行为实行化的法理基础是预备行为的不法性推定,表现为巨大的危险性,由可能的危害性和该危害的可能性动态地构成。中国刑法实践趋向和网络罪情演变表明,可能的危害性这一构成要素的该当包含三种情形——受威胁的法益性质重大、法益数量众多、法益种类众多;在刑法不可接受的危害性的判断标准上,应当从形式上的法定刑幅度迈向实质上的生活质量受威胁的程度。对于危害的可能性这一构成要素,应当从预备行为的链条结构出发,客观上要求预备行为显著地提升了危害的可能性程度,甚至相当于实行行为的侵害可能性。认定预备行为的危险性之后,应当探索预备行为实行化的阶层式规则体系,在预备行为的风险不法性、有责性和规制的技术性层面进行构建。

The trend of treating preparatory actions as perpetration has become significant in the revi-sion of Chinese criminal law,calling for the development of systematic risk assessment rules.The theo-retical basis for treating preparatory actions as perpetration is the presumption of illegality due to their substantial danger,dynamically constituted by their potential harm and the likelihood of that harm.The trend in Chinese criminal law practice and the evolution of cyber-crimes indicate that the element of po-tential harm should encompass three scenarios:the threatened legal interest is significant,the number of legal interests is numerous,and the types of legal interests are diverse.The standard for unacceptable harm should shift from the formal statutory penalty range to the substantive degree of threat to quality of life.For the element of potentiality,it should be assessed based on the chain structure of preparatory ac-tions,requiring that these actions significantly increase the likelihood of harm,potentially equivalent to the harm of the completed act.After assessing the danger of preparatory actions,a tiered rule system for treating preparatory actions as perpetration should be explored,addressing the illegality,culpability,and regulatory technicalities of preparatory actions.