冻结立井井筒机械化掘进现状及发展趋势

Current situation and development trend of mechanized shaft driving in frozen shaft

针对我国“富煤贫油少气”的能源赋存结构及煤炭未来一段时间将长期占据能源消耗主导地位的特点,回顾了我国煤炭井工开采领域冻结立井井筒机械化掘进发展历程。钻爆法凿井作为我国立井井筒施工的主要工法,炸药的应用大幅提高了冻结井筒的掘进效率,配套的伞钻打孔、抓岩机装岩、大型井架及设备提升、大模板砌壁等大型机械化设备的应用,大幅提高了井筒成井速度;竖井钻机、反井钻机及竖井掘进机作为特殊地层条件下立井井筒特殊凿井方式,也有各自应用范围。面对我国西部富水弱胶结地层特点及智慧矿山发展趋势,采用冻结+钻爆法施工难以满足千米级弱胶结岩层立井井筒智能化无人化的建设需求,而采用冻结+竖井掘进机钻井是未来超深立井井筒技术发展方向之一。结合国外冻结+竖井掘进机凿井工程案例,针对我国西部富水弱胶结岩层立井井筒建设,提出了冻结+竖井掘进机凿井在冻结壁厚度和强度设计理论、双层钢筋混凝土井壁永久支护、低温环境下竖井掘进机掘进破岩形式以及分级上排渣方式等冻-掘-支-运协同作业方面提出了合理化建议;明确了井壁结构与弱胶结围岩相互作用机理,优化双层井壁结构方法,构建竖井掘进机掘-支-运同步作业模式等,提升井筒建设综合效率,提高信息化水平,推动立井井筒向机械化、绿色化和智能化发展。

In view of the energy occurrence structure of“rich coal,poor oil and little gas”in China,and the situation that coal will occupy the dominant position of energy consumption for a long time,The development history of frozen shaft mechanized drilling and blasting is reviewed in the field of coal mining in China.As the main construction method of shaft construction,the application of dynamite greatly improves the drilling efficiency of frozen shaft.The application of supporting large mechanized equipment such as umbrella drilling,rock grabbing machine loading,large derrick and equipment hoisting,and large formwork building,greatly improve the wellbore completion speed;Shaft drilling rig,reverse drilling rig and shaft boring machine as special shaft sinking methods under special formation conditions,also have their own application range.Aiming at the characteristics of water-rich weakly consolidated formation and the development trend of smart mine in western China,there are shortcomings in using freezing&borehole-blasting method and large drilling equipment to develop the shaft of weakly consolidated formation at kilometer level,while using freezing&shaft boring machine is one of the trends of ultra-deep shaft construction.Combining with the construction cases of freezing&shaft boring machine abroad,reasonable suggestions are put forward for shaft excavation of water-rich weak consolidated rock formation in western China.The freezing wall thickness and strength are calculated according to the current design theory,the permanent shaft support adopts double-layer reinforced concrete wall structure,the rock-breaking form of shaft boring machine under low temperature environment,and the method of hierarchical slag discharge to realize the parallel operation of digging-supporting-transporting.Finally,the next research focus of this construction method is put forward.The synergistic mechanism between shaft wall structure and weakly consolidated surrounding rock should be clarified to realize optimization of shaft wall structure,and the support-operation cooperation mode of shaft boring machine to improve shaft excavation and support efficiency and improve informatization level.Realize shaft driving towards mechanization and intelligence.