杨度《金铁主义说》中的国家建设方案

Yang Du’s State Establishment Plan in“The Golden Iron Doctrine”

杨度在《金铁主义说》中的君主立宪方案的战略逻辑在于,由于认定沙俄是当时列强对华均势下的最不稳定环节,其侵占蒙古、回部地区的强烈企图一旦实现,将导致列强以中国为战场实施瓜分,重建均势。因此,蒙、回、藏地区能否保全关系到新生中国国家的生死,民族问题从而成为新生中国国家建设目标下的关键问题。由于杨度认定当时蒙古族、回族、藏族对中国的认同关系建立在其对清廷君主的服从关系上,君主立宪政体就成为他认定的救国方案。可以说,在杨度的思想体系中,世界局势与地缘政治是思考中国国家建设方案的基本前提,民族问题、政体问题都必须被放置在国家目标下、地缘政治格局下加以考量。

The strategic logic of Yang Du’s constitutional monarchy in“The Golden Iron Doctrine”lies in that,since Russia was identified as the most unstable link under the balance of power of the great powers against China at that time,once its strong attempt to occupy Mongolia and the Hui region was realized,it would lead the imperialist countries to carve up China as the battlefield and rebuild the balance.Therefore,whether the Mongol,Hui and Zang region can be preserved is related to the life and death of the newly born China state,and the national issue has thus become the key issue under its state establishment goal.Besides,the constitutional monarchy became Yang Du’s plan to save the nation because it was believed that the identity of the Mongol ethnic group,Hui ethnic group and Zang ethnic group to China at that time was based on their obedience to the Manchu monarch.It can be said that in Yang Du’s ideological system,the world situation and geopolitics are the basic prerequisites for thinking about China’s state establishment plan,and national issues and regime issues must be considered under the state establishment goal and geopolitical situation.