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英国《大宪章》“保留生计”原则“正名”与“探流”

"Justifying"and"Exploring"the Principle of"Saving Livelihood"in the Magna Carta
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摘要 1215年《大宪章》第20章确立了“不得科以过重罚金”的普通法传统,规定了刑事案件中科处罚金的“保留生计”原则。对“保留生计”原则的核心概念“contenementum”的各种理解代表着不同历史时期学者对该原则的渊源与演变的不同认识,而取“生计”义项有助于理解第20章的制定背景及其价值倾向。“保留生计”原则自颁布以来不断得到制定法的确认,罚金卷宗、早期年鉴等司法记录也显示出英国在司法实践中对该原则的积极适用。该原则曾在星室法院滥用司法权的历史中被遮蔽,但其后被1689年《权利法案》的刑罚条款直接继受,成为当代英美法系刑事司法领域保障人权的重要内容。 Chapter 20 of the Magna Carta in 1215 established the common law tradition that"no excessive fines shall be imposed,'and stipulated the principle of"saving livelihood"for the imposition of fines in criminal cases.The various understandings of"contenementum,"which is the core concept of the principle of"saving livelihoods,"represent different perceptions of the origin and evolution of the principle by scholars In different historical periods,and the use of the term"livelihood"is helpful in understanding the context of the formulation of Chapter 20 and its value inclination.The principle had been continuously confirmed by statutes since its promulgation,and judicial records such as Fine Rolls and early Year Books showed that it has been actively applied in judicial practice in England.The principle was overshadowed in the history of judicial abuses by the Star Chamber courts,but was then directly succeeded by the Penal Clause of the Bill of Rights of 1689,and has become an important element of the protection of human rights in the field of criminal justice in contemporary common law system.
作者 张秋实 Zhang Qiushi
出处 《国际社会科学杂志(中文版)》 2024年第3期106-119,7,12,共16页 International Social Science Journal(Chinese Edition)
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