杜甫困居长安初始时间新考——兼论天宝五至七载杜诗的重新系年

A New Study on the Initial Time of Du Fu’s Being Stranded in Chang’an——On the New Chronology of Du Fu’s Poems from the Fifth to Seventh Year of Tianbao

旧注将开元二十四年“忤下考功第”作为杜甫“快意八九年”的起点,由此后推九年,遂得出天宝五载入长安的结论,“困居长安十年”之说便由此衍生而来,实际上这一推算起点并不精准。另有学者主张将“快意八九年”的推算起点前移至开元十八年或二十年,其论亦难以成立。最新研究表明,杜甫未曾参加过天宝六载的“野无遗贤”考试。旧注将《饮中八仙歌》等诗系于天宝五载,是因受杜甫天宝五载入长安之成见的影响,今重新检视系于天宝五六载之诗,可以发现其系年依据均不能成立,需要重新加以厘定。通过《奉寄河南韦尹丈人》“青囊仍隐逸,章甫尚西东”可知,天宝七载以前杜甫还未定居长安,而是在偃师、洛阳附近隐居或漫游,其定居长安当在天宝七八载之交,则“快意八九年”的推算起点应为开元二十九年,因此学界相沿已久的“困居长安十年”之说并不能成立,相应地,过分强调杜甫思想性格中执着仕进一面的做法亦当引起反思。

The old annotation took the“in defiance of the official assessment”in the 24th year of Kaiyuan as the starting point of Du Fu’s“being delighted for eight or nine years”,and then dated forth to nine years,leading to the conclusion that Du Fu resided in Chang’an in the fifth year of Tianbao.Then the saying“being stranded in Chang’an for ten years”derived from this,but in reality,this calculation starting point was not accurate.Other scholars advocated moving the calculation starting point of“being delighted for eight or nine years”to the 18th or 20th year of Kaiyuan,but this theory was also difficult to hold.According to the latest research,Du Fu participated in the Sixth Year Exam of Tianbao named“no neglected talents in the countryside”.The old annotations linked poems such as“The Song of Eight Drinking Immortals”to the fifth year of Tianbao,due to the preconception that Du Fu resided in Chang’an in the fifth year of Tianbao.Now,upon re-examination of the poems related to Tianbao’s fifth and sixth years,it can be found that their chronological basis cannot be established and need to be redefined.According to“Sending to the Abbot of Wei Yin in Henan”,it can be seen that before the seventh year of Tianbao,Du Fu had not yet settled in Chang’an,but rather lived in seclusion or wandered near Yanshi and Luoyang.His settlement in Chang’an should be at the turn of the seventh and eighth year of Tianbao.Therefore,the starting point for calculating the“being delights for eight or nine years”should be in the 29th year of Kaiyuan.Therefore,the longstanding theory of“being stranded in Chang’an for ten years”in the academic community cannot be established.Correspondingly,the excessive emphasis on Du Fu’s persistent approach to career advancement in his ideological character should provoke reflection as well.