农业生产性服务对农业生态效率的影响及作用机制

Impact and mechanism of agricultural productive services on agro-ecological efficiency

农业生产性服务通过将技术、信息、人才等有效引入农业生产环节,为实现农业规模化经营,进而为提高农业生态效率提供新路径。本文基于2005—2021年的中国30个省份(自治区、直辖市,不包括香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区和西藏,下同)面板数据,构建超效率SBM模型测算各省份的农业生态效率,绘制核密度图分析农业生态效率的时间演变趋势,并比较不同地区、不同省份间农业生态效率的差异;采用双向固定模型分析了农业生产性服务对农业生态效率的影响;采用中介效应模型分析了农地经营规模、农业种植结构和农业技术推广的中介作用。结果表明:2005—2021年全国及各区域农业生态效率均呈上升趋势,全国农业生态效率从2005年的0.388上升到2021年的0.893;且几乎始终呈东部地区>西部地区>中部地区的趋势,粮食主销区农业生态效率高于粮食主产区和粮食产销平衡区。各省份间农业生态效率差异较大,其中青海、上海、海南和北京等省(市)农业生态效率一直较高,而山西、安徽、甘肃和江西等省份农业生态效率一直较低。农业生产性服务显著提高了农业生态效率,在进行多种稳健性检验后,结果仍然成立;中介效应的估计结果表明,农业生产性服务能够通过扩大农地经营规模、调整农业种植结构和促进农业技术推广提高农业生态效率;相较于其他地区,农业生产性服务对西部地区和粮食产销平衡区的农业生态效率提高作用更加明显。因此,为提高农业生态效率,应进一步完善农业生产性服务体系,促进农地规模经营,健全耕地保护补贴机制,防止耕地“非粮化”,完善农机装备技术创新。

Agricultural productive services as soft inputs in the production process offer a new path for realizing large-scale agricultural operations and improving agro-ecological efficiency by effectively integrating technology,information,and talent into agricultural production.Based on provincial panel data in China(not including Hong Kong region,Macao region,Taiwan region and Xizang of China,the same as below)from 2005 to 2021,this study constructed a super-efficiency slack-based measure(SBM)model to measure the agro-ecological efficiency at provincial level.A kernel density map was created to analyze the temporal evolution trends in agro-ecological efficiency and to compare its differences across various regions and provinces.A two-way fixed model was used to examine the effects and mechanisms of agricultural productive services on agro-ecological efficiency.The mediating effect model was used to analyze the mediating role of farmland management scale,agricultural planting structure,and agricultural technology extension.The results showed that from 2005 to 2021,the agro-ecological efficiency of the entire country and each region showed an upward trend.China’s agro-ecological efficiency rose from 0.388 in 2005 to 0.893 in 2021.The efficiency consistently ranked as follows:eastern region>western region>central region,and major grain-sales area>major grain-production area≈production-sales balance area.There were significant differences in agro-ecological efficiency among the provinces(municipalities,autonomous regions).Qinghai,Shanghai,Hainan and Beijing consistently exhibited high agro-ecological efficiency,while Shanxi,Anhui,Gansu,and Jiangxi had low agro-ecological efficiency.Agricultural productivity services significantly improved agro-ecological efficiency,with results remaining val-id even after endogeneity and various robustness tests.The estimation results of the intermediary effect showed that agricultural pro-ductive services improved agro-ecological efficiency by expanding the scale of farmland management,adjusting the agricultural planting structure,and promoting the extension of agricultural technologies.Compared with the eastern region,agricultural product-ive services in the western region had an evident effect on agro-ecological efficiency,whereas agricultural productive services in the central region showed no significant impact on agro-ecological efficiency.Compared with the major grain-producing areas,agricul-tural productive services in the production-sales balance areas had a profound effect on the improvement of agro-ecological effi-ciency.Therefore,to enhance agroecological efficiency,the agricultural production service system should be further improved by vig-orously cultivating and developing specialized and diversified service entities,promoting large-scale management of agricultural land,leveraging the advantages of large-scale service operations provided by agricultural production service organizations,improving the subsidy mechanism for cultivated land protection to prevent the“non-grain”conversion of cultivated land,and improving the techno-logical innovation of agricultural machinery and equipment by accelerating the research,development,and promotion of low-carbon and high-efficiency technologies.