纳米材料在泌尿系结石治疗中的基础研究进展

Basic research progress of nanomaterials in the management of urolithiasis

近年来,纳米材料在泌尿系结石的治疗中显示出巨大的潜力和应用前景.本文旨在总结纳米材料在泌尿系结石治疗中的应用,阐述目前挑战及未来方向.在基础研究方面,多功能纳米材料在草酸钙结石的防治中有了显著突破.纳米酶的发展为草酸钙结石肾损伤提供了一种新的清除氧自由基、抗氧化应激的方法;纳米药物递送系统则提高了抗炎、抗氧化药物的靶向性和有效性;光热治疗利用纳米材料的光热转化性能破坏结石表面相关的生物膜并消灭细菌,显著降低了术后感染风险.在临床前研究中,纳米材料的应用涵盖了碎石、取石及纳米涂层的双J管,尤其在防止生物膜形成和双结壳方面表现优异性能.然而,纳米材料的靶向性、安全性、长期效果以及成本问题仍然是当前研究和临床转化的主要挑战.未来的研究需进一步优化纳米材料的特性和应用策略,为泌尿系结石的临床治疗提供更为安全有效的解决方案.

In recent years,nanomaterials have shown significant potential and promising applica-tions in the treatment of urolithiasis.This review aims to summarize the applications of nanomaterials in urolithiasis treatment and discuss the current challenges and future directions.In basic research,multifunc-tional nanomaterials have made notable breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of calcium oxalate stones.The development of nanozymes offers a novel approach for combating oxidative stress in calcium ox-alate-induced kidney injury.Nanodrug delivery systems have enhanced the targeting and efficacy of anti-in-flammatory and antioxidant therapies.Photothermal therapy,utilizing the photothermal conversion proper-ties of nanomaterials,disrupts biofilms associated with stone surfaces and eradicates bacteria,significantly reducing the risk of postoperative infections.In preclinical studies,the application of nanomaterials extends to lithotripsy,stone extraction,and double-J stents with nano-coatings,demonstrating superior perform-ance,particularly in preventing biofilm formation and encrustation.However,challenges remain in impro-ving the targeting,safety,long-term efficacy,and cost-effectiveness of nanomaterials,which are crucial for their clinical translation.Future research should focus on optimizing the properties and application strate-gies of nanomaterials to provide safer and more effective solutions for the clinical treatment of urolithiasis.