火情预警策略与木质复合材料阻燃防火研究进展

Research progress in fire warning strategies and flame retardancy of wood composites

木质复合材料广泛应用于建筑、装饰、家具、交通等领域,其防火安全广受关注。本文从木质复合材料燃烧特征出发,综述了近10年来木质复合材料的两种防火策略,即火情预警(主动预警)和阻燃处理(被动防御)。木质复合材料本身不具有“智能”特性,其火情预警功能是通过在其表面引入对温度产生响应的功能材料,如热致响应半导体材料、热致变色材料、形状记忆材料等,并将温度信号转化为可接收的信号(电信号、颜色、形变等)传递给外界,实现对火灾的及时预警。而木质复合材料阻燃处理的关键在于限制燃烧过程中固相内部以及气固相之间的热传导和物质传递。此外,进一步概述了金属系(镁/铝氧化物、镁/铝层状双氢氧化物)、硼系、磷氮系、生物基阻燃体系等在胶合板、刨花板和纤维板中阻燃抑烟性能的研究进展,阐明了阻燃体系的构筑机制及协同阻燃机理,并且讨论了其对胶黏剂固化过程和材料力学性能的影响规律。最后指出采用早期预警、中后期阻燃的方式,可显著提升木质复合材料的阻燃防火性能。

Wood composites have been widely applied in fields of construction,decoration,furniture,and transport.The fire safety has always been concerned.In a view of the combustion characteristics of wood composites,in the past 10 years,the two strategies for safeguarding on wood composites were reviewed as active fire protection(fire warning)and passive fire protection(flame retardancy).As noted,wooden composites have no the“smart”characteristic.The fire warning function of composites is achieved by introducing temperature-responsive functional materials on its surface,such as thermally responsive semiconductor materials,thermochromic materials,shape-memory materials,etc.,and converting the temperature signal into a receivable signal(electrical signal,color,shape deformation,etc.)to transmit to the outside world,achieving timely warning of fires.The key to flame retardant treatment of wood composites lies in limiting the heat conduction and material transfer within the solid phase and between the gas-solid phase during the combustion process.In addition,the research progress in the flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of metal systems(magnesium/aluminum oxides,magnesium/aluminum layered double hydroxides),boron systems,phosphorus nitrogen systems,biobased flame retardant systems,etc.in plywood,particleboard,and fiberboard was further summarized.As well as its relevant construction and synergistic flame retardant mechanism of the flame retardant compound system were further clarified.Moreover,the curing process of adhesives and mechanical properties of wood composites influenced by flame retardant compound systems were also discussed.Finally,it is pointed out that adopting early warning and mid to later-stage flame retardant methods can significantly improve the flame retardant and fire resistance of wood composites.