流动的村落共同体——以Y县B村新型乡村建设活动为例

A Mobile Village Community——Taking the New Rural Construction Activities in B Village,Y County as an Example

现代化背景下城乡发展呈现巨大差异,返乡群体通过游走于城乡之间,在与本地村民多面互动中成为新型乡村建设的内生力量。Y县B村乡建群体通过协助本地村民租赁土地或者通过村民/村委买下古民居,与B村原住村民成为邻居。返乡群体在遵循B村的作息习惯、风土人情、风俗文化的前提下,展现自己在乡村的日常生活,以此获取村民的认同和好感。在返乡实践的过程中,返乡群体与村民不断建立联系,相互形塑对彼此的认知,乡村各主体自身也在不断调适中建构了一种新型社会关系,即B村精神共同体。乡建语境下多元主体互动的现实,以及乡建过程中呈现的“事件性”特征,形成了乡村新型流动“共同体”,共同推进新型乡村建设实践。

Rural construction is a practice of comprehensive governance in all aspects of the countryside.In western developed countries,the practice of rural construction started earlier and has more mature practical experience.Around foreign rural construction practices,such as the"New Town Development"in the United States,the"Village Building Movement"in Japan,the""Village Renewal Plan"in Germany,and the"New Village Movement"in South Korea,there are studies on practical methods and paths in the academic circles at home and abroad.The practice of rural construction in Taiwan,China,combines agricultural production,sightseeing,leisure and vacation,which not only solves the problem of people's survival,but also promotes the sustainable management of agriculture.This development model has also attracted the attention of researchers.China's currenttrural revitalization has a reference to learn from.China's rural construction practice has experienced three major historical periods:the rural construction movement in the Republic of China,the rural construction led by the Communists in the revolution and construction period,and the new rural construction from the new century to the present.In the 1930s,China's rural construction movement,under the banner of"go back to the countryside"andI"go to the people",relieved and reformed the countryside,hopingtorealizee"national rejuvenation"through"rural rejuvenation".Although the specific practices of each school of rural construction are different,and each has its own emphasis on culture,education and politics,"going to the countryside"and"developing the rural economy"are the basic consensus of the school of rural construction.The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that"the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved into the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life".At the same time,it proposed the"rural revitalization strategy"for the first time,pointing out that we should"accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas".At the practical policy level,it is clearly proposed step by step to break the dual opposition between urban and rural areas,break the rural construction centered on urban development,and promote the modernization of rural(urban).In 2021,the National Rural Revitalization Bureau was officially listed at No.1,in response to the issue of rural revitalization,which has become a new starting point for the comprehensive implementation of rural revitalization in China.Under the dual context of national discourse and folk discourse,the contemporary countryside has become a"problem village"that needs to be developed.In the face of the challenges of rural marginalization,hollowing out and disorder,and in the face of the attention of the state and the people on the development of"problem villages",intellectuals cannot escape in any way.The Chinese countryside in the transition period is a"problem village",and this problem consciousness has become the common academic purport of humanities.Taking urban folklore as a research perspective,it is necessary to make an overall study from the perspective of equality and balance,whether it is to investigate the folk culture matters in urban space or the folk culture traditions in rural space.The rural research tradition of Chinese folklore and even the world folklore,and the thinking about the transformation of urban folklore in recent years,urge the author to pay attention to the group of"returnees".They are special groups flowing from the city to the countryside.They have both the experience of urban life and the idea of returning to build the countryside.Studying the practice of"returning groups"from the perspective of folklore research can better reflect the differences between urban and rural development under the background of modernization,as well as the deep contradictions and problems,so as to form a holistic research path of folklore on"people".At present,China's rural construction presents a diversified situation,the returning group has become a small scale,and forms a variety of rural construction models.Contemporary rural construction group mirrors the characteristics of diversity,they also form a good interaction with the national discourse of rural construction,the country positioning the rural construction group as"rural construction talents".From the perspective of their original professional identity,this group includes returning university professors,overseas female doctors,entrepreneurs,and artists,who have professional skills and know how that match their professional identity.From the point of view of their willingness to return home,it shows the characteristics of diversified demands.For example,voluntarily choose to return home to participate inrural construction,oreengage in ecological agricultural production,or engage in rural education,or engage in rural cultural undertakings,or pure lifestyle choices.The key contents of rural construction include rural culture education,rural industry poverty alleviation,rural agricultural technology development,rural traditional culture protection,and rural vulnerable groups.From the perspective of the flow track of rural construction groups in China,they are mainly in the eastern coastal cities and radiate to the central and western cities.Traditional folklore or anthropological research usually takes a specific region,such as a village,as its research object.People in this region are connected by blood,geography and other ties,and they abide by the so-called etiquette or norms left by their ancestors and presented by village rules and conventions.Such a"face to face"community has the characteristics of essentialism.But once beyond this scope,when there is no blood,no geographical connection,and no force such as religion or royal power to regulate,how do people identify with each other as belonging to the same‘community"?This paper argues that a new type of community model needs to be constructed.Specifically,the main body of rural construction from the local village is the group with blood relationship and neighborhood relationship in the traditional village space.However,the main body of foreign returning home generally exceeds the traditional village space,and most of them have no characteristics of blood and geographical relations.They are connected by factors such as karma and interest,which is a new type of community.Through the interaction between the local village-builders and the returnees,the traditional village community is formed as the basic form,and the spiritual community-new community is the ideal construction path.The new village community is the contemporary form of rural construction groups,and it is also a relatively ideal rural construction model.They are also important new endogenous forces in rural development.The author chooses"village community"as the theoretical keyword of this paper.The discussion of village community should first be traced back to the study of"community theory".Community theory is a classic theory of humanities such as philosophy,sociology and folklore.Tunnis,Bowman,Anderson and other foreign scholars have made a detailed description and analysis of the community in view of the social problems in specific historical periods of different countries.The theoretical dialogue between Tunnis'community theory,Bauman's moral community,Giddens'out-of-range community and Anderson's imagined community can provide many references for the study of rural community in this paper.The field point of this paper is located in B Village of Y County.As a natural village in Y County,B Village is too close to the county city,resulting in the traditional village landscape of the village no longer existing,so it is marginalized on the list of vigorously developing ancient village tourism.It is a group of returnees from other places who bring B Village to the public's vision outside the village.They include curators,artists,and college teachers,which can be collectively referred to as"returnees from B Village".They enter B Village for rural transformation.In B Village,the rural reconstruction of the returning groups includes three aspects:First,the direct reconstruction of the rural buildings and the construction of a new type of rural public cultural space,such as the renovation of the ancestral hall in B Village,the renovation of the old oil factory in B Village,and the renovation of the supply and marketing cooperatives in B Village;The second is to investigate and study the traditional handicrafts in Y County,mainly in B Village,and then to design and create new handicrafts;Third,it is committed to daily communication and interaction with villagers and indirectly constructs new social relations.In the context of modernization,there is a huge difference in the development of urban and rural areas,and"overseas returnees"walk between urban and rural areas and interact with local villagers in various aspects,forming an endogenous force for new rural construction.B Village in Y County entered the public eye and became an online celebrity village,while the"overseas returnees group"assisted local villagers to rent land and buy ancient houses through villagers or village committees,and realized the strategy of being neighbors with the indigenous people of B Village.By showing his daily life in B Village and following the habits,customs and culture of the countryside,he won the recognition and favor of the villagers.In the process of returning home,the returnees continue to establish contact with the villagers,and the stereotypes of villagers and outsiders have changed,and the villagers themselves have also changed through constant adjustment,building a new type of social relationship,that is,the spiritual community of B Village.B Village community is a community form that transcends blood and geography and combines by common interest.Some people will ask,without the real village space of B Village,this community does not exist?It is also said that the B Village community itself is a failure,because a group of returnees who entered the B Village left one after another,and the community eventually collapsed.It can be said that it is inevitable for returning groups to leave the countryside.Because contemporary homecoming groups are not limited by spatial location,they rely on spiritual will and spiritual identity.Through the construction process of B Village community,we can analyze the essence of contemporary rural construction:Firstly,the essence of contemporary rural construction is based on the"family-oriented"action logic;Secondly,in the process of rural construction,"folk consultation"is an effective way to solve the"final"practice.The third is to propose an idealized"accompanying"rural construction model in the future.Contemporary rural construction has the uncertainty of policy system,the mobility of main body participation and the difference of space,so it needs a relatively stable mode of supporting rural construction."Accompanied rural construction"mainly refers to the return to hometown through regular residence and long-term living and working with villagers,effectively promoting the exchange and cooperation between rural subjects."Accompanying"rural construction adheres to the principle of"teaching people to fish is better than teaching people to fish",and strives to accompany villagers to build villages together.