边散型多民族“大杂居—小聚居”村庄的均衡自治——以甘肃省L村为例

The Balanced Autonomy of the Scattered Multi-ethnic Villages with“Big Mixed Inhabitation and Small Settlement”——A Case Study of L Village in Gansu Province

村民直接选举村民委员会(村民选举,下同)改变了村庄治理人的产生方式,扩大了治理人的来源。在一个较长的历史时期内,甘肃省L村各村民小组和各民族之中都有人能够当选村干部,这一现象即为“均衡当选”。L村村庄的地理环境、生产方式、生活习惯、历史、文化等要素综合形成的边散性导致村民小组的集中与独立,推动产生了“均衡当选”的基层选举现象。村干部的“均衡当选”意味着各村民小组的“均衡自治”,能够带来多村民小组和多民族村民的参与,提高村民直接选举和参与其他基层公共事务的积极性。

Villagers'autonomy is a great creation of the Chinese people.The emergence and development of villagers'committee plays an important role in villagers'self-governance.The election of the village committee has changed the way of the generation of the village administrators and expanded the sources of the administrators.L Village is a typical border-scattered village,in 1989 according to the relevant laws of the country to implement the villagers'autonomy.Through observation,it is found that in a long historical period,there are people in every village group and every ethnic group who can be elected as village cadres.From the sense of political science,this political phenomenon can be called"balanced election"of village cadres.In the grassroots society,village cadres directly conduct village governance.Therefore the""balanced election"of village cadres means the"balanced autonomy"of each village group.How did"balanced autonomy"come into being in L Village?What kind of governance effect does it have in village governance?It is the problem consciousness of this paper.This paper selects L Village in Gansu Province as a case study,takes the implementation of the villagers'election system as the starting point,interviews with village cadres,resident cadres and villagers as clues,and combined with relevant laws involving the villagers'committees,and tries to analyze the origin of"balanced autonomy"from the inside of the village with geographical environment and structural factors.Through investigation,it is found that the village studied in this paper is a typical scattered village.The geographical environment,production mode,living habits and historical factors of the village make the distribution of the village groups relatively dispersed,and the village groups show six blockers.Geographical environment,production mode,living habits,historical factors and so on strengthened the cohesion of a single village.From the village as a whole,the villagers'groups are scattered.However,from the perspective of the villagers'groups,the villagers'groups are relatively concentrated,independent and closed.The village structure shows a centralized state within the whole scattered village group.This paper holds that the geographical environment,production mode,living habits,history,culture and other factors of the village result in the concentration of villagers groups and the independence and closure of each other,and the concentration and independence and closure of villagers groups create the phenomenon of"balanced election".In the whole process,the structural elements(that is,the centralized and independent villager groups)are important for the generation of this political phenomenon.The village cadre election presents a game between six groups based on the village group.From the perspective of individual villager groups,their closure and relative independence provides a natural environment for village leaders or groups willing to compete for village cadre positions.The village group is a higher degree of acquaintance society,so the villagers in the group are the voters who will vote for them to a large extent.The candidate who is the group leader obviously has strong mobilization ability due to the long-term relationship construction.The villagers'group gives the candidate convenient conditions to mobilize villagers to vote for him,saving the cost of communication and communication.The daily relationship building played a role at this time,and the villagers in the group generally did not vote for the candidates of other villagers groups after the mobilization of candidates.The centralized structure of villager groups provides the potential opportunity for"balanced election"of village cadres,which can solve the problem that some people in each villager group may be elected as village cadres,and in-depth analysis of the economic level,population status and resource endowment of each villager group.It is found that the economic level,population status and resource endowment play a role under the influence of the centralized and independent structure of the villager group."Balanced election"means balanced autonomy.It has three political characteristics:First,the position of village cadres is changed in several villagers'groups,rather than fixed in one or two villagers'groups;second,the distribution of village cadre positions in the six village groups is more balanced;third,the position of village cadres is changed between Hui and Han,rather than fixed within a certain ethnic group."Balanced autonomy"has an effect on villagers'participation and village cadres'response because of its three-fold political representation.Villagers in multi-ethnic villages and multi-villager group villages with"balanced election"of village cadres have stronger participation than those in single-ethnic villages and those with fewer villager groups.The reason is that there is competition between village groups and ethnicggroups,and competition leads to wider participation.The participation of multi-village groups and multi-ethnic villagers inevitably requires a corresponding response.In the grassroots political life,the villagers'participation mainly includes the villagers'election and daily affairs.The special village situation of L Village is mainly a decentralized village composed of multi-ethnic and multi-villager groups,whose administrators need to obtain electable votes by strengthening responses to the villagers and their affairs.Generally speaking,the more votes they get,the better for their election.The interaction with villagers in daily village affairs handling activities is a natural field for village cadres to accumulate votes.Positive actions and responses are often likely to generate good feelings among villagers,so it is possible to win the votes of this part of the villagers in the general election.Village cadres are bound to strengthen their response to villagers,and treat villagers of different village groups and ethnic groups equally.It is worth noting that overemphasis on ethnic identity and belongingness of villagers'groups will inevitably lead to the loss of a large number of other ethnic villagers and villagers'groups while gaining the support of their own villagers'groups and ethnic villagers,which is not conducive to the vote competition in the general election,but also runs contrary to the public spirit that a governor should have.Therefore,the expanded participation of villagers leads to the breaking of ethnic identity boundaries and villager group boundaries by village cadres'response behavior,so that all villager groups and people of all ethnic groups can participate in grassroots governance.The villagers'consciousness of participation can play a role in election activities in turn,providing the basis and conditions for the"balanced election"of village administrators.The study of this case can draw such a conclusion:in the village with a dispersed border,the competition among the villagers'groups with balanced forces and strong cohesion can produce village cadres from multiple villagers'groups.As an intermediate organizational variable,vllagers groups profoundly shaped the results of villagers'elections.Can it be inferred,then,that under the formal election rules,if there are several independent and competing organizations in a village that can integrate all the villagers,the position of the village leader will fluctuate among these organizations?Cooperatives can be such organizations,but it is worth noting that villagers'groups,as an institutional system,are linked by strong social relations,including clan,blood and geographical relations.In the village group,the families are relatively equal.But in cooperatives,leaders and participants have different social status because of their economic status.Villagers'groups,especially those in L Village,are natural and naturally match the system of villagers'groups on the basis of natural villages.Therefore,as an organizational basis for election activities,villagers'groups have unparalleled advantages.Theself-governance of grassroots villagers hasalwaysbeen a controversial topic among scholars.Thevillage committee system was established after the people's commune to replace the production brigade.Around the establishment of the villagers'committee,scholars debate the interaction between the state and society,whether the state power continues to extend to the grassroots,the scholars'views are not unified.From the sense of delegating power to the grass-roots level,the villagers'self-government is of great significance.The state power takes the initiative to withdraw from the social field,and the grassroots level generates its own administrators.The township government is only responsible for maintaining order and rules in the villagers'election,and does not interfere with the election results by formal and informal means.This is the proper meaning of grassroots autonomy,which can be called idealized villager autonomy.However,the state power also has great concerns when delegating power,for example,excessive abandonment to the grassroots may lead to the villagers committee becoming a situation that national governance cannot penetrate.This can be concluded that the state power in the grassroots villagers autonomy of the contradictory attitude.On the one hand,it wants to reflect the legitimacy of its ruling by delegating power to the grassroots people,and the villagers'election is really carried out by the villagers without interference from the township government.On the other hand,in practice,they are afraid that the grassroots will become a vacuum of national power and strengthen their control,and a series of village rulers pour into the grassroots on behalf of national power.In fact,Chinese politics is largely shaped by state power.In this perspective,if we look at the villagers'autonomy from the background of state rule,it has a strong contradiction.Only at the grassroots level with the soil of autonomy can the villagers'autonomy really fall into place.China's system creation is very advanced,but because of the size of the country,the national policy through the bureaucracy layer down to the grassroots often limited effectiveness.The villagers'committee was originally created by the grassroots and then promoted to the whole country by the state through legislative reform.In today's view,the political significance of the establishment of the villagers'committee is worthy of affirmation,which replaces the production brigade system and adapts to the economic mechanism of household contract to a certain extent.However,the development of village committees shows diversity,some villages are well governed and orderly,and some villages have problems.As a researcher of political science,we should think calmly when dealing with problem villages,and cannot blame the problems on the villagers'autonomy without reflecting on the political and social conditions of the villages.In the new era,the masses of the people have also created great practices such as"Wenling Experience","Fengqiao Experience",and"Houchen Experience".It is worth noting that China's vast geographical area and population size have great differences.China has a large number of villages,among which there are not only differences in economic foundation,political development,cultural heritage and other aspects,but also differences in the governance structure and capacity of villages due to production mode,geographical environment and historical factors.Therefore,when the special experience created in a place is introduced to the local government,it may not be suitable for the local environment.It is not only difficult for the special experience to play an effective role,but also impacts the original political order,so it is often empty.It is necessary to treat hundreds of thousands of grassroots villages in accordance with the law of local economic,social and historical development and at the same time to avoid repeated"stir up".It can be seen that the research in this paper is of great significance.L Village has strong self-governance under the governance of the state,and social selforganization plays a great role in it.The wisdom of governance lies in the use and transformation of the original mechanism,rather than breaking it completely.From the perspective of a long historical period,it is difficult to completely use administrative means to eliminate some of the original political phenomena,just like the rebirth of China's family economy after the reform and opening up.The balanced election game among the villager groups is a special political phenomenon in the grassroots society.This paper,belonging to a case study,comprehensively investigates the generation logic and governance effectsofthephenomeonn from the production mode,geographical environment,historical factors,religious culture and other aspects.In the future,this problem consciousness can be further studied on three issues.First,further research can take the village group as an important variable,select a large number of villages across regions,and then carry out comparative research.In the study,we should dig deep into the root causes that can make the forces of various villagers groups more balanced or unbalanced,and find the universal basis for the existence of equilibrium.In addition,we can also look for the concept of villager group,that is,an organization that can integrate all the villagers in a village,regardless of the strength of its integration ability,and investigate its impact on the villagers'election and grass-roots governance.Finally,we can also analyze the influence of political organization,social organization and economic organization on villagers'election as three variables,as well as the strength and weakness of the influence on the latter.The research on these three issues not only requires a certain theoretical level,but more importantly,it is necessary to go deep into the field of the villagers'group and participate in hands-on practice down to earth,so as to write articles with Chinese characteristics that can guide social practice.