华南多雨山地果树避雨技术效果与成本分析

Effect and Cost of Rainproof for Fruit Trees in Rainy Mountainous Areas of South China

[目的]针对华南高海拔山地地区春、夏两季雨水过多造成沤花、裂果致落果而严重影响产量、品质问题,设计不同的避雨技术试验,对比避雨效果、投入与产出。[方法]以常规露地栽培作为对照组,设置周年避雨(钢架棚、竹木棚)及开花期遮阳网棚(树盘沥水、树盘沥水+覆膜、平垄覆膜、高垄覆膜)共6个避雨栽培处理,观察各处理新植树的成活率和生长量,结果树产量、裂果率、落果率和商品果率,以及分析各避雨栽培的投入与产出比。[结果]避雨处理新植果苗的成活率和生长量均显著高于对照;钢架棚、竹木棚全株避雨处理产量高、无裂果,落果少,沥水+地膜、高垄地膜土壤避雨处理产量较高、裂果较少;钢架棚初始投入最大、年投入最小、产出最大、利润最高,竹木棚初始投入较小、年投入最大、产出大、利润高,沥水+地膜初始投入、年投入均小、产出较大、利润较高。[结论]投资能力强的,推荐搭建钢架避雨棚;竹木资源充足的,推荐搭建竹木棚。投资能力较欠缺的,可搭建遮阳网临时避雨棚,结合沥水+地膜。新植果树苗,可采取沥水、树盘覆膜或沥水+覆膜措施,以提高定植成活率。

[Objective]In response to the serious impact on yield and quality caused by excessive rainfall in spring and summer in high-altitude mountainous areas of South China,which leads to flower retting,fruit cracking,and fruit drop,different rainproof technology experiments were designed to compare the effectiveness,input,and output of rainproof treatments.[Method]With open field cultivation as the control group,and steel frame shed,bamboo and wood shed,and shading shed+(tree tray drainage,tree tray drainage+plastic film covering,flat ridge plastic film covering,and high ridge plastic film covering)for a total of 6 rain shelter cultivation treatments were set up.The survival rate and growth rate,yield,fruit cracking rate,fruit drop rate,and commodity fruit rate were observed,as well as the input-output ratio of each rain shelter cultivation were analyzed.[Result]The survival rate and growth of new plantings that sheltered from the rain were significantly higher than those of the control;the steel frame shed and bamboo wood shed had high yield and no cracking of fruits,with less fruit falling.The tree disk drainage board+mulch film treat and high ridge mulch film treatment had higher yield and less cracking of fruits;the initial investment of steel frame shed was the largest,the annual investment was the smallest,the output was the largest,and the profit was the highest.The initial investment of bamboo and wood shed was small,the annual investment was the largest,the output was large,and the profit was high.The initial investment and annual investment of tree disk drainage board+mulch film were small,the output was large,and the profit was high.[Conclusion]For those with strong investment ability,it is recommended to build a steel frame rain shelter;there are sufficient bamboo and wood resources,and it is recommended to build bamboo and wood sheds.For those with limited investment capacity,temporary rain shelters with shading nets can be built,combined with tree disk drainage board+mulch film.For newly planted fruit seedlings,measures such as watering,tree disc mulching,or watering+mulching can be taken to improve the survival rate of planting.