宁夏扬黄灌区玉米膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术研究

Study on the Integration Technology of Drip Irrigation Fertilizer Under Corn Membrane in Yanghuang Irrigation Area of Ningxia

[目的]分析膜下滴灌施肥对玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,阐明膜下滴灌水肥一体化的技术优势,解决宁夏扬黄灌区玉米水肥利用效率低的问题。[方法]在相同施肥水平条件下,以常规大水漫灌(6 000 m^(3)/hm^(2))为对照,在滴灌定额为3 750m^(3)/hm^(2)的基础上设置不覆膜滴灌和膜下滴灌2个处理,研究不同灌水处理对玉米光合特性、产量、水肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。[结果]膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术在玉米抽雄期净光合速率、水分利用效率最高,比漫灌处理分别提高1.5%、11.0%,比不覆膜滴灌处理分别提高6.1%、3.2%。膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术通过提高玉米收获穗数、穗粒数和百粒重从而提高玉米产量,比漫灌处理增产8.6%,比不覆膜滴灌处理增产8.2%。膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术降低玉米耗水量,比漫灌处理降低28.4%,灌水利用效率提高73.6%,水分利用效率提高52.0%;同时提高了玉米氮磷钾肥偏生产力,比漫灌处理分别提高8.5%、8.6%、8.5%。与漫灌处理相比,膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术在成本投入增加26.9%的基础上获得了最高的经济效益,比漫灌处理增加808.4元/hm^(2),收入提高8.1%,比滴灌不覆膜处理增收787.5元/hm^(2),收入提高7.8%。[结论]在滴灌定额为3 750m^(3)/hm^(2)基础上采用膜下滴灌施肥可在节水37.5%的基础上实现增产和增收,该技术在宁夏扬黄灌区表现出一定的优势,可以应用于该地区的玉米生产。

[Objective]To analyze the effects of submembrane drip irrigation fertilizer integration on maize yield and water use efficiency,elucidate the technical advantages of submembrane drip irrigation fertilizer integration,solve the problem of low utilization efficiency of corn fertilizer in Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia.[Method]At the same level of fertilization,the irrigation(6000 m^(3)/hm^(2))was used as a control,two treatments of non-coated drip irrigation and submembrane drip irrigation were set on the basis of a drip irrigation quota of 3750 m^(3)/hm^(2),the effects of different irrigation treatment on photosynthetic characteristics,yield,utilization efficiency and economic benefits of maize were studied.[Result]The integrated technology of submembrane drip irrigation water fertilizer was the highest in net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency during the maize pumping period,which was 1.5%and 11.0%higher than that of diffuse irrigation,and 6.1%and 3.2%higher than that of non-coated drip irrigation.The integrated technology of submembrane drip irrigation water fertilizer increased corn yield by increasing the number of ears,grain number and grain weight of corn,which increased by 8.6%compared to the diffusion irrigation treatment and 8.2%more than the non-mulching drip irrigation treatment.The integrated technology of submembrane drip irrigation water fertilizer reduced the water consumption of corn,which was 28.4%lower than that of diffuse irrigation,73.6%higher irrigation efficiency,and 52.0%water use efficiency.At the same time,the partial productivity of corn nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was increased by 8.5%,8.6%and 8.5%,respectively.Compared with diffusion irrigation treatment,the integrated technology of submembrane drip irrigation fertilizer had achieved the highest economic benefits on the basis of a 26.9%increase in cost input,an increase of 808.4 yuan/hm^(2) compared to diffusion irrigation treatment,an increase of 8.1%in income,and an increase of 787.5 yuan/hm^(2) compared to non-mulching drip irrigation,the income increased by 7.8%.[Conclusion]Using submembrane drip irrigation and fertilization on the basis of 3750 m^(3)/hm^(2) drip irrigation can achieve an increase in production and income on the basis of 37.5%water saving.This technology has certain advantages in the Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia and can be applied to the corn production in the area.