乌尔特拉斯:足球铁杆球迷组织的流布、特征与价值启示

Ultras:Distribution,Characteristics and Value Inspiration of Hardcore Football Fan Organizations

乌尔特拉斯球迷组织是足球铁杆球迷的主要形式,也是现代足球球迷文化的重要组成部分。运用文献资料法与逻辑分析法,梳理乌尔特拉斯球迷组织的流布与特征,并通过价值审视提出中国铁杆球迷组织的建设启示。研究认为,足球铁杆球迷组织形式起源于20世纪20年代南美洲,乌尔特拉斯球迷组织诞生于20世纪60年代意大利,20世纪70年代起向其他欧洲国家传播,20世纪90年代开始在世界各地扩散。乌尔特拉斯球迷组织属于狂热型球迷组织,忠诚于球队是该组织的核心精神,编排创作与看台表演是该组织的行为特点,但存在暴力行为、性别歧视、政治争端等负面特征。乌尔特拉斯球迷组织的价值包括:仪式互动——凝聚球迷个体的价值认同;权力隐喻——提升球迷组织的主体地位;符号传递——成为球迷文化的传播载体。研究提出我国球迷组织的建设启示:杜绝盲目效仿,探寻铁杆球迷组织的本土形式;完善互动场域,加速铁杆球迷组织的符号传播;构建引导机制,严控铁杆球迷组织的激进行为,探索转换路径,促进铁杆球迷组织融入主流文化。

Ultras are the main form of organization for football hardcore fans and an important part of modern football fan culture.Using the method of literature review and logical analysis,this paper combs the distribution and characteristics of the Ultras,and puts forward the enlightenment for the construction of Chinese fan organizations by examining the value implication.The research shows that the organizational form of football hardcore fans originated in South America in the 1920s,while the Ultras fan organization was born in Italy in the 1960s,spread to other European countries in the 1970s,and began to spread around the world in the 1990s.The Ultras fan organization belongs to fanatical fans.Loyalty to the team is the core spirit of the organization.Choreography and stand performances are the behavioral characteristics of this organization,but there are negative characteristics such as violence,gender discrimination and political disputes.The values of the Ultras fan organization include ritual interaction condensing the value identity of individual fans,power metaphor improving the dominant position of the fan organization,and symbol transmission serving as the carrier of fan culture.This paper proposes inspirations for the construction of fan organizations in China,such as avoiding blind imitation,exploring local forms of hardcore fan organizations,improving the interaction fields,accelerating the symbolic dissemination of hardcore fan organizations,build guidance mechanisms to strictly control the radical behavior of hardcore fan organizations,exploring transformation paths,and promoting the integration of hardcore fan organizations into mainstream culture.