中国武术“内摶外搏”的历史本质发微——基于明中后期武术古籍的考论

The Historical Essence of“Inner Tuán and Outer Bó”in Chinese Wushu:A Study Based on the Review of Ancient Wushu Books in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty

从传统小学、文献学、武术史学角度,深化对中国武术的历史本质的探讨和认知。论证以明中后期武术古籍刻本、抄本的原件或影印件为中心,以明朝首辅大臣沈一贯《■者张松溪传》之“■”的考证为切入点,将“■”归置于中国武术发展史当中,纵贯前后、对比分析,得出结论:1)《■者张松溪传》之“■”是古代繁体“摶”(tuán)的异体字,简体为“抟”,是流行于明中后期的武学概念,体现出了静气、凝聚、凭借这几层独特含义,显现为“修习者气质的‘静省’、招势的‘转圆’、内在精气神锻炼及‘摶穴’秘技修炼”等内容。2)“摶”的武学内涵在明朝万历时期凸显,且融入到了中国武术界官方和民间的各个层面;中国武术历史进程在这一时期升华到了内在超越性的摶(术以至道),形成了“内摶外搏”的本质特征。3)“摶”的武学内质在武术发展历程中薪火相传,以“推手”之名延续至今;讨论中国武术的发展,不应只围绕“技击之争”,需要把握其“内摶外搏”的历史本质,回归到“搏摶相合”的修炼路径上。

This study deepens the exploration and understanding of the historical essence of Chinese Wushu from the perspectives of traditional primary school studies,literature studies,and Wushu history.Taking the original or photocopied editions of ancient Wushu books from the middle and late Ming Dynasty as the focus,and the textual research of“Tuán”in“Biography of Zhang Songxi,the Practitioner of Tuán”by Shen Yiguan,the first minister of the Ming Dynasty,as the starting point,this paper places“Tuán”in the context of the development history of Chinese Wushu,conducts a comparative analysis,and draws the following conclusions:1)“Tuán”in“Biography of Zhang Songxi,the Practitioner of Tuán”is an archaic variant of the traditional Chinese character“Tuán”(摶),which is simplified as“Tuán(抟)”.It was a popular Wushu concept in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,embodying the unique meanings of tranquility,concentration,and reliance.It manifested as“the'quiet introspection'of practitioners'temperament,the'circular transformation'of movements,the internal cultivation of essence,qi,and spirit,and the secret techniques of'tuán acupoint'cultivation”.2)The Wushu connotation of“tuán”became prominent during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and was integrated into all levels of the official and folk Wushu circles in China.The historical process of Chinese Wushu was elevated to an internally transcendent level of“tuán”(from technique to Tao)during this period,forming the essential characteristic of“inner tuán and outer bó”(internal cultivation and external fighting).3)The Wushu essence of“tuán”has been passed down through the development of Wushu and continues to this day under the name of“tuishou”(pushing hands).When discussing the development of Chinese Wushu,we should not only focus on“the debate of Wushu techniques”but also grasp its historical essence of“inner tuán and outer bó”and return to the cultivation path of“the harmony between tuán and bó”.