苑囿·动物·宾客:论畋猎赋中的文化符号及其意义

Gardens,Animals and Guests:Cultural Symbols and Their Significance in Tian Lie Fu

畋猎是大赋的主要题材内容之一,与朝廷政治文化有着较为紧密的关联。赋中的苑囿、动物、宾客一般不为人所注意,但实际上却是意涵丰富的文化符号。苑囿为动物的生存圈养地,也是君王社会政治权力的体现,具有地理边界与权力隐喻的双重意义。囿苑中的动物既是君王畋猎活动捕杀或驯化的对象,同时,又是突出天子智勇与仁德的媒介物。赋中的宾客角色因其身份产生了从游士到臣僚到扈从的转变,其作用也发生了由分封建国到与君国意识交锋,由儒家理想的天下观念对天子“家天下”的君国意识产生一定抑制与规范的变化。三者的合力,在客观上使畋猎赋被赋予了一定的权威性与工具性,在不同的历史时期不同程度地达到了一定的议政、匡政效果。

Tian Lie(hunting)is a central theme in Da Fu(a form of classical Chinese poetry)and is closely tied to the political culture of the imperial court.Although elements such as gardens,animals,and guests in these poems often go unnoticed,they are rich in cultural symbolism.The garden serves as both a habitat for animals and a symbol of the monarch's social and political power,representing geographical boundaries and metaphors of authority.The ani‐mals within the garden symbolize not only the monarch's hunting and domestication practices but also serve as a me‐dium to showcase his wisdom,bravery,and benevolence.The guest characters in these poems transition from being wanderers to vassals and servants,reflecting changes in their roles from establishing a kingdom to confronting the monarchy's consciousness.Their Confucian ideal of governance often acted as a counterbalance to the emperor's sense of"family the world,"imposing certain restrictions and regulations.Collectively,these elements lend Tian Lie Fu a degree of authority and functionality,contributing to political discourse and reform across different historical pe‐riods.