中国极地海洋微生物研究进展

Research progress on polar marine microorganisms in China

极地海洋环境蕴含丰富的微生物资源,其独特的生命特征、特殊的极端环境适应及生态效应机制,都有着重要的科学研究意义及应用开发前景。回顾我国近10年来在极地海洋微生物领域的研究,所取得的主要进展包括:(1)揭示了南北极海洋微生物群落特有的结构和功能、二甲基硫/二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMS/DMSP)循环相关基因及可培养细菌基因组的独特生物地理学特征;(2)发现了极地海洋细菌通过代谢DMSP抵御原生动物捕食的新生态功能、温度响应新机制及新的几丁质氧化降解利用通路;(3)揭示了噬菌体对极地海洋细菌种群的调控作用;(4)阐明了极地海洋细菌产生的系列新型有机质降解酶的催化机制及其应用潜力;(5)建立了极地海洋细菌胞外多糖的制备工艺,评估了其在医学及食品等领域的应用潜力;(6)分离鉴定了系列极地海洋微生物新物种。以上研究成果先后发表在Nature Microbiology,Nature Communica-tions,Microbiome,ISME Journal等国际知名期刊上,提升了我国极地海洋微生物研究的水平、影响力和话语权。未来加强多学科交叉研究及前沿技术应用研发将进一步促进我国极地海洋微生物学研究的发展。

Polar marine environments contain rich microbial resources,and their unique life characteristics and special mechanisms for adapting to extreme environments and ecological effects all have important scientific research significance and application development prospects.Reviewing research of China in the field of polar marine microorganisms in the past decade,major progress includes:(1)the revelation of unique struc-tures and functions of microbial communities and the geographical characteristics of genes related to the DMS/DMSP cycle and cultivable bacterial genomes in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans;(2)the discovery of a new ecological function to resist predation by protozoa by metabolizing DMSP,a new temperature response mechanism,and a new metabolic pathway for chitin oxidation degradation of polar marine bacteria;(3)the revelation of a role of a phage in regulating polar marine bacterial populations;(4)the elucidation of cata-lytic mechanisms of a series of novel organic matter-degrading enzymes from polar marine bacteria and their application potentials;(5)the establishment of processes for preparing an extracellular polysaccharide from a polar marine bacterium and the evaluation of its application potential in fields such as medicine and food;(6)the isolation and identification of a series of polar marine bacterial taxa.These research findings have been published in internationally renowned journals such as Nature Microbiology,Nature Communications,Microbiome,and ISME Journal,elevating the level,impact and voice of China’s research on polar marine microorganisms.In the future,strengthening interdisciplinary research and the application of cutting-edge technologies will be the direction to further promote the development of polar marine microbiological re-search in China.