氢燃料电池发展现状及其在电动飞行器中的应用分析

Development Status and Application Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Electric Aircraft

随着以氢燃料电池为代表的新型电池技术的发展,其在大尺寸长航程电动飞行器中的应用逐渐成为研究热点。介绍5种主要的燃料电池的工作原理和技术发展现状,并以两个概念方案为例,重点对质子交换膜燃料电池的适用性进行分析和评估。研究发现,5种燃料电池特点明显,从电池成本和电池效率方面考虑,碱性燃料电池非常适合在航空器上使用,尤其是在民航运输等对经济性要求较高的飞机;而质子交换膜燃料电池效率高,对负载响应速度快,输出功率稳定,相对于其他种类燃料电池优势明显;磷酸燃料电池对杂质的容忍度更高,不需要二氧化碳处理设备,且技术相对成熟;熔融碳酸盐燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池由于存在技术上的问题现阶段不适合在飞行器上应用。

With the continuous development of new battery technologies represented by hydrogen fuel cells,largesized and long-range electric vehicles have gradually become a research hotspot.This article introduces five main fuel cell principles and technological development status.It takes two conceptual schemes as examples to analyze and evaluate the matching applicability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.Research has found that five types of fuel cells have obvious characteristics.Considering battery cost and efficiency,alkaline fuel cells are very suitable for use as power in aviation,especially in aircraft with high economic requirements such as civil aviation transportation;Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have high efficiency,fast load response,and stable output power,which have significant advantages compared to other types of fuel cells;Phosphoric acid fuel cells have a higher tolerance for impurities and do not require carbon dioxide treatment equipment,and the technology is relatively mature;Both molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells have technical problems that are not suitable for application on aircraft at this stage.