从作品利用方式的历史演进看人工智能版权治理的未来走向

Exploring the Future of AI Copyright Governance through the Historical Evolution of Works Utilization

版权制度与作品利用技术的发展密不可分,并随着版权利用技术的创新而不断调整和完善。现代版权制度的核心在于对作品的利用所生之利益以市场的方式进行合理分配,以鼓励作品的创作和传播,促进经济发展和文化繁荣。为了应对科技发展所带来的版权利益分配问题,历史上对作品利用方式所生之利益进行分配的形式主要有四种,分别是:新增作品类型、新增专有性权利、新增获酬性权利以及不给予作者分配利益。在上述四种利益分配形式中,又以新增专有性权利为主。当前,人工智能技术飞速发展,人工智能系统广泛搜集、复制和使用已发表作品并进行处理和加工亦成为行业的普遍实践。人工智能系统对已发表作品的复制及使用与传统的复制、使用行为相比存在本质差别,前者属于新型的作品利用方式。对于人工智能系统使用已发表作品行为的定性,必须立足于这种作品利用方式的特征,从版权制度的目的和经济、科技发展的实际需求出发,才能作出科学、合理的分析。本文在对历史上作品利用方式所生之利益如何分配进行系统梳理的基础上,认为对于人工智能系统使用已发表作品的行为不应再囿于版权侵权与合理使用这种非黑即白、零和博弈的分析和研究路径。当前的科技进步已经发展到支撑版权权利人、作品使用者、消费者等多方实现更高水平合作共赢的临界点,因此,至少有必要在作品使用方式上按照贡献原则对相关当事方的利益进行再平衡,以激励作品的创作和传播,促进科技进步和经济发展。

The copyright system is closely intertwined with the development of technologies for utilizing works and is continuously adjusted and improved in response to innovations in copyright utilization technology.The core of the modern copyright system lies in the market-based reasonable distribution of the benefits arising from the utilization of works to encourage creation and dissemination,promoting economic development and cultural prosperity.Historically,there have been four main forms of distributing the benefits arising from the ways works are utilized:the introduction of new types of works,the introduction of new exclusive rights,the introduction of new remuneration rights,and the absence of benefit distribution to authors.Among these four forms,the introduction of new exclusive rights is predominant.Currently,with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,AI systems widely collect,copy,and use published works for processing and transformation,becoming a common practice in the industry.The copying and use of published works by AI systems fundamentally differ from traditional behaviors of copying and using;the former represents a new method of work utilization.To define the actions of AI systems using published works,it is essential to consider the characteristics of this method of utilization and analyze it scientifically and rationally from the perspective of the copyright system's purpose and the actual needs of economic and technological development.Based on a systematic review of the historical distribution of benefits from methods of work utilization,this article argues that the analysis of Al systems'use of published works should not be limited to a binary view of copyright infringement and fair use.Current technological advancements have reached a critical point that supports a higher level of cooperation and win-win outcomes among copyright holders,users of works,and consumers.Therefore,it is at least necessary to rebalance the interests of the relevant parties based on the principle of contribution regarding methods of work usage,to incentivize the creation and dissemination of works,and to promote technological advancement and economic development.