黄河流域生态补偿的时空格局、区域差异及分布动态演进

Spatio-temporal Situation,Regional Differences,and Dynamic Evolution of the Distribution of Ecological Compensation in the Yellow River Basin

在区域协调发展与生态环境治理能力现代化建设的背景下,跨界流域空间协同治理得到了广泛关注,然而流域生态补偿面临犬牙交错的权责关系,横向生态补偿机制尚未健全.基于能值生态足迹模型测度2007~2021年黄河流域90个城市的生态补偿额度,并结合探索性空间数据分析、Dagum基尼系数、核密度估计与空间Markov链分析方法探究其时空格局、区域差异及分布动态演进特征.结果表明:①黄河流域生态补偿额度的时空格局差异明显,总体上自西北向东南梯度增加,高值区域集中在生态本底优越或经济发达的地区;②生态补偿存在显著的正向空间集聚现象,整体呈“北冷南热”的空间分布态势;③生态补偿总体差异有所扩大,超变密度是造成总体差异的主要来源;④生态补偿存在轻微的多级分化现象且“空间俱乐部趋同”特征明显,但随时长扩大,各城市生态补偿维持原有水平的概率有所下降,流动性渐趋增加.因此,加大不同领域生态补偿投入、强化区域间协同发展和发挥空间溢出效应是解决当前黄河流域生态补偿空间非均衡态势的重要途径.

In the context of regional coordinated development and modernization of ecological and environmental governance capacity,the spatial collaborative governance of transboundary river basins has received extensive attention,but the ecological compensation of river basins is faced with the intertwined relationship of rights and responsibilities,and the horizontal ecological compensation mechanism has not yet been perfected.Based on the emergy ecological footprint model,the ecological compensation amount of 90 cities in the Yellow River Basin in 2007-2021 was measured,and the spatiotemporal pattern,regional differences,and dynamic evolution characteristics of distribution were explored by combining exploratory spatial data analysis,Dagum Gini coefficient,kernel density estimation,and spatial Markov chain analysis.The results showed that:①The spatiotemporal pattern of ecological compensation in the Yellow River Basin was different,the ecological compensation amount decreased slightly in the fluctuation and increased from the northwest to southeast gradient in general,and the high-value areas were concentrated in the areas with a superior ecological background or developed economy,and some upstream cities had given up many development opportunities to maintain the ecological security of the Yellow River Basin,however,failed to obtain reasonable ecological compensation.②A significant positive spatial agglomeration phenomenon was observed in ecological compensation and the overall spatial distribution trend was“cold in the north and hot in the south.”The number of low-payment areas and low-compensation areas gradually decreased,showing a gradually shrinking agglomeration layout from the periphery to the center,whereas the number of high-payment areas and high-compensation areas continued to increase and formed a spatial evolution characteristic of the coexistence of scattered distribution and group distribution.③The overall regional differences in ecological compensation expanded.The over-variation density was the main source of the overall differences,and the focus on alleviating the intra-regional and inter-regional differences was located in the downstream areas.④A slight multi-level differentiation phenomenon was present in ecological compensation.The influence of different neighbors on the horizontal transfer of ecological compensation was quite different.This spatial spillover effect easily formed a“space club convergence”phenomenon within a certain geographical spatial range,but with the expansion of time,the probability of maintaining the original level of ecological compensation in each city decreased,and mobility gradually increased.Therefore,increasing the investment in ecological compensation in different fields,strengthening the coordinated development between regions,and giving full play to the spatial spillover effect are important ways to solve the current spatial imbalance of ecological compensation in the Yellow River Basin.