不同施肥方式对青贮玉米生长及品质的影响

Effects of different fertilization methods on the growth and nutrient utilization of silage maize

探究不同施肥方式对云南省红壤耕地土壤理化性质、青贮玉米生长以及肥料利用效率的影响,以探明最佳施肥方式,为青贮玉米科学施肥提供依据。在云南昭通开展青贮玉米田间试验,分别设置不施肥(CK)、施用复合肥(T1,传统施肥方式)、施用配方肥(T2)、施用控释肥(T3)4个施肥处理,研究不同施肥处理下土壤养分变化及植株养分利用对青贮玉米的农艺性状、作物产量和营养品质的影响,为探讨优质高产的青贮玉米种植施肥方式提供依据。结果显示:(1)等纯养分量条件下,配方肥和控释肥施用对土壤性质的改良有一定作用,T2处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量较T1处理分别显著提升15.83%、10.47%和1.95%,T3较T1处理显著提高了9.51%和1.38%的土壤有效磷含量和pH;(2)T3处理干物质量和鲜物质量最高,分别为38.06和126.53 t/hm2,较T1处理分别显著提高了7.30%和16.49%,较T2处理分别提高了1.09%和3.71%;(3)T3处理较T1处理的青贮玉米成熟期地上部植株氮、磷和钾吸收量的积累分别显著提高了27.67%、8.29%和13.82%;T3处理较其余处理均显著提高了肥料偏生产力和肥料农学效率,较常规施肥处理T1处理分别提高了27.65%和138.43%,且T3处理的肥料贡献率最高,较T1处理显著提高了23.23%;地力贡献率表现为T1>T2>T3;(4)T2处理的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量最高,较T1处理分别显著提高了16.56%和4.28%,粗灰分和中、酸性洗涤纤维的含量最低,与T1处理相比分别显著降低了14.68%、12.08%和1.34%,所以T2处理的相对饲喂价值和粗饲料分级指数达到最大,分别为388.21和290.47 MJ/d,施用控释肥次之。冗余分析得出土壤碱解氮是影响青贮玉米饲用品质的主导因子。综上所述,与常规施肥相比,配方肥的施用通过显著提高土壤固肥能力,促进肥料利用效率,从而提高青贮玉米的营养品质;控释肥的施用使得青贮玉米全生育期的氮素供给得到满足,避免氮素的大量流失,达到青贮玉米高产及肥料高效利用。

The effects of different fertilization methods on soil physical and chemical properties,the growth and fertilizer use efficiency of silage maize in red soil farmland of Yunnan province,and the best fertilization method were explored,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization of silage maize.A field experiment of silage maize was carried out in Zhaotong,Yunnan province.Four fertilization treatments were set up:no fertilizer(CK),compound fertilizer(T1,traditional fertilization method),formula fertilizer(T2)and controlled release fertilizer(T3),The effects of soil nutrient changes and plant nutrient utilization on agronomic traits,crop yield and nutritional quality of silage maize under different fertilization treatments were studied to provide a basis for exploring high-quality and high-yield silage maize planting fertilization methods.Results showed that:(1)Under the condition of equal pure nutrient component,the application of formula fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer had a certain effect on the improvement of soil properties.Compared with T1 treatment,the contents of soil available nitrogen,available potassium and organic matter in T2 treatment were increased significantly by 15.83%,10.47%and 1.95%,respectively.Soil available phosphorus content and pH in T3 were increased significantly by 9.51%and 1.38%,respectively.(2)T3 treatment had the highest dry matter yield and fresh matter yield,which were 38.06 and 126.53 t/hm2,which were significantly higher than T1 treatment by 7.30%and 16.49%,and higher than T2 treatment by 1.09%and 3.71%,respectively.(3)Compared with T1 treatment,the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in the aboveground part of silage maize at maturity stage were significantly increased by 27.67%,8.29%and 13.82%,respectively.Compared with other treatments,T3 treatment significantly increased fertilizer partial productivity and fertilizer agronomic efficiency,which were 27.65%and 138.43%higher than those of T1 treatment,respectively,and the fertilizer contribution rate of T3 treatment was the highest,which was 23.23%higher than that of T1 treatment.The contribution rate of soil fertility was T1>T2>T3.(4)The highest crude protein and crude fat content by T2 treatment,which were significantly increased by 16.56%and 4.28%,respectively,while the lowest crude ash and neutral and acid detergent fiber content,which were significantly reduced by 14.68%,12.08%and 1.34%,respectively,compared with T1 treatment.Therefore,the relative feeding value and coarse feed grading index of T2 treatment reached the maximum,which were 388.21 and 290.47 MJ/d,respectively,followed by the application of controlled release fertilizer.Redundancy analysis showed that soil available nitrogen was the dominant factor affecting the feeding quality of silage maize.In summary,compared with conventional fertilization,the application of formula fertilizer significantly improved the nutrient quality of silage maize by significantly improving the soil fertility and promoting fertilizer use efficiency.The application of controlled release fertilizer provided the satisfied nitrogen supply of silage maize in the whole growth period,the loss of nitrogen could be avoided,and high yield of silage maize and efficient utilization of fertilizer could be achieved.