我国商品有机肥料质量状况分析与思考

Analysis and thinking of the commercial organic fertilizer quality in China

分析我国商品有机肥料质量状况,探讨有机肥料产业发展思路与对策,为加强行业质量监管、促进产业发展提供参考。汇总统计2019—2022年全国595个商品有机肥料主要技术指标、限量指标抽样检测结果,参照《有机肥料》(NY/T 525)标准,分析评价我国商品有机肥料质量状况;结合有机肥料产业现状,对比国内外标准差异,对有机质、总养分、水分、酸碱度(pH)等技术指标,总砷(As)、总汞(Hg)、总铅(Pb)、总镉(Cd)、总铬(Cr)以及粪大肠菌群数、蛔虫卵死亡率等限量指标进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)我国商品有机肥料合格率为84.5%,2019—2022年合格率分别为79.8%、87.8%、83.3%和85.4%,不合格指标主要是有机质的质量分数、重金属含量、pH、总养分的质量分数和水分的质量分数,不合格率分别为7.9%、5.0%、2.9%、2.5%和2.4%,多个指标同时不合格现象较为常见。(2)分年度看,2019年水分的质量分数不合格率为6.5%,其次是有机质的质量分数、总养分的质量分数和pH,2020—2022年有机质的质量分数不合格率均高于其他指标,其次是重金属含量超标。(3)有机质和总养分的质量分数检测结果变异范围均较大,有机质的质量分数平均值为39.1%,合格率为92.1%,年度合格率在91.8%~94.4%之间;总养分的质量分数平均值为8.0%,合格率为97.5%,年度合格率在94.4%~99.3%之间;水分、pH和粪大肠菌群数指标合格率均在97%以上,蛔虫卵死亡率指标没有发现不合格现象。(4)As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr超标率分别为1.2%、0.8%、2.4%、1.3%、0.3%,Pb、Cd是主要的安全风险因素,5种重金属元素含量的平均值和中位值均远低于《有机肥料》(NY/T 525)对重金属限量要求。我国商品有机肥料合格率呈稳步提高趋势,有机质、重金属含量等指标需要重点关注和持续监测;有机肥料标准体系不尽完善,产品标准需要进一步优化;我国有机肥料产业发展需要明确定位和发展方向,构建完善标准体系,优化调整产品标准指标设置,强化风险管控和产品质量监管。

The quality status of the commercial organic fertilizers in China were analyzed,and the development ideas and strategies of the organic fertilizer industry were explored for more references to strengthen industry quality supervision and promote industrial development.The sampling and testing results of main technical indices and limit indices of 595 commercial organic fertilizers from 2019 to 2022 were summarized and analyzed,and the quality status of commercial organic fertilizers in China based on the Organic Fertilizers industry standard(NY/T 525)was evaluated.Based on the current situation of the organic fertilizer industry and with the comparation of the differences of domestic and international standards,the technical indices such as organic matter,total nutrients,moisture,pH,as well as limit indices such as total arsenic(As),total mercury(Hg),total lead(Pb),total cadmium(Cd),total chromium(Cr),fecal coliform count,mortality of ascarid egg were analyzed and researched.The results showed that:(1)The overall qualification rate of commercial organic fertilizers in China was 84.5%.From 2019 to 2022,the annual qualification rates were 79.8%,87.8%,83.3%and 85.4%,respectively.The main unqualified indices were the organic matter,heavy metals,pH,total nutrients and moisture.The unqualified rates were 7.9%,5.0%,2.9%,2.5%and 2.4%,respectively.It was common for multiple indices to fail to meet the standards simultaneously.(2)From an annual perspective,the unqualified rate of moisture in 2019 was 6.5%,followed by the organic matter,total nutrients,and pH.From 2020 to 2022,the unqualified rate of organic matter was higher than other indices,followed by heavy metal.(3)The variation range of the organic matter and total nutrients was relatively large.The average of organic matter was 39.1%,with a qualification rate of 92.1%and an annual qualification rate between 91.8%and 94.4%.The average of total nutrients was 8.0%,with a qualification rate of 97.5%and an annual qualification rate ranging from 94.4%to 99.3%.The qualified rates of moisture,pH and fecal coliform count were all above 97%,and no unqualified phenomena was found for the mortality of ascarid egg.(4)The exceeding standard rates of As,Hg,Pb,Cd,and Cr were 1.2%,0.8%,2.4%,1.3%and 0.3%,respectively.Pb and Cd were the main safety risk factors,and the average and median values of the five heavy metal element contents were far lower than the heavy metal limit requirements in Organic Fertilizer(NY/T 525).The qualification rate of commercial organic fertilizer in China was increasing steadily,but indices such as organic matter and heavy metals needed to be focused on and monitored continuously.The standard system of organic fertilizers was not perfect,and the product standards of organic fertilizer need to be optimized furtherly.The development of China’s organic fertilizer industry needed to clarify its strategy and direction,build a sound standard system,optimize and adjust the setting of product standard indices,strengthen risk control and product quality supervision.