数据权利的模块化设计

On the Modular Design of Data Rights

数据权利是由数据持有者与不同相对方的法律关系组合而成的复杂系统,可分解为数据生产关系、持有关系、流通关系、征用关系等权利模块,以此呈现多主体围绕数据分享利益的价值生成格局。数据生产关系描述了数据持有者将与数据来源者有关的信息记录于数字化载体的过程,数据来源者与数据持有者分别享有法定在先权利模块和数据财产权模块,前者可通过以数据换服务、数据携带等向后者主张分享财产利益。数据持有关系是因数据持有者合法控制数据而相对于其他任何人的法律关系,数据持有者享有排他性的数据持有权、使用权、经营权。数据流通关系可分为意定流通和法定流通,数据需求者有权依据法律规定或合同约定获取和使用他人持有的数据,数据持有者负有向其提供数据的义务。数据征用关系是数据征用者依照法律规定的权限和程序征用数据所形成的法律关系,数据持有者可在特定情形下请求支付补偿。

Data rights is a complex system composed of various legal relationships between data holders and different counterparties.These relationships can be broken down into distinct modules,including data production,possession,circulation,and requisition rights.This modular approach reflects a value generation structure where multiple entities share interests centered around data.The data production relationship describes the process by which data holders record information related to data sources on digital media.Data sources and data holders possess distinct legal rights modules:the former has prior statutory rights,while the latter holds data property rights.The source can assert claims for sharing property benefits with the holder through mechanisms such as data-for-service exchanges or data portability.The data possession relationship arises from the lawful control of data by the holder in relation to all other parties,granting the holder exclusive rights to possess,use,and manage the data.Data circulation relationships are divided into voluntary and statutory circulation.Data demanders are entitled to access and use data held by others under legal provisions or contractual agreements,and data holders have an obligation to provide data accordingly.Data requisition relationships are legal relations formed when a data requisitioner lawfully exercises authority to requisition data under specific legal frameworks,and data holders may request compensation under certain conditions.