明代浙江宗族祠祭祖先述略

An Overview of Ancestor Clan Temple Worship in Zhejiang during the Ming Dynasty

明代浙江祠祭祖先的形式可以分为庵观附祭与墓祠、家祠、宗祠三种形式。明前期墓祭有墓庵、墓亭、墓祠,士大夫予以肯定。家祠通常祭祀近祖,或有祭祀始迁祖,有违儒家礼制,士大夫也给予认可。家祠事例见于温州府、处州府、金华府、湖州府。明中叶绍兴山阴陈氏创祠堂,置祭田,祭祀父祖。金华府义乌陈氏设立祠堂牌位引起关注。明后期浙江温州祠堂仍在继续设置。温州府乐清县李氏、高氏设置大宗祠。金华府东阳许氏祠堂由地方名人专祠转化为族人宗祠,绍兴府余姚吕氏也有始祖祠,由家祠演变为宗祠。吕氏设置祭田,由族众捐置,三房轮流办理祭祖。

During the Ming Dynasty,ancestor clan temple worship in Zhejiang took three main forms:temple-based rituals associated with hermitages and pavilions(庵观附条),as well as grave shrines(墓祠),family shrines(家祠),and clan shrines(宗祠).In the early Ming Dynasty,grave worship(墓祭)included grave hermitages(墓庵),pavilions(墓亭),and shrines(墓祠),which were affirmed by scholars and officials.Family shrines generally honored recent ancestors or the first migrant ancestors and were sometimes considered to violate Confucian rituals,though they were still recognized by scholars.Examples of family shrines can be found in Wenzhou,Chuzhou,Jinhua,and Huzhou.In the mid-Ming period,the Chen clan of Shanyin in Shaoxing established their own ancestral haH and dedicated fields for ancestor worship.The Chen clan of Yiwu in Jinhua also drew attention for setting up an ancestral hall and tablets.In the late Ming period,the practice of establishing ancestral halls continued in Wenzhou.In the Yueqing County of Wenzhou,the Li and Gao clans set up large clan shrines.The Xu clan's shrine in Dongyang,Jinhua,transformed from a well-known local figure shrine to a clan shrine,while the Lu clan in Yuyao,Shaoxing,developed their ancestral shrine from a family shrine into a clan shrine.The Lu clan established sacrificial fields funded by donations from clan members,with the responsibility of ancestor worship rotating among the three branches of the family.