熊十力的新宋学思想发微

A Modern Interpretation of Xiong Shili’s Ideas as New Study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty

在现代人文学术界,熊十力之学被称为“新心学”。其实从“新宋学”的视角,更能够把握熊十力之学的学术旨趣与现代意义。熊十力将“宋学”理解为宋以后致力于复兴孔子的“内圣外王之学”,并将宋学历史演变分成北宋、南宋、明中叶、晚明、清乾嘉等五期。熊十力心目中的“宋学”典范,其实是由王船山为代表的晚明诸子推动完成的。在西学的冲击后他致力于复兴儒学,也是沿着晚明诸子的天人之学精神、科学精神、民族精神、民主精神而接着讲的“新内圣外王之学”。如果说他的新内圣之学主要源于宋学,并因受到西学的影响而发展出现代哲学本体论的话;他的新外王之学则是受到西学的挑战,希望从传统儒学中挖掘、阐发现代性的科学、民主思想。熊十力坚信中国的现代化,必须深入扎根于中华传统文化的土壤。

Modern scholars in the academic circle of humanities often labeled Xiong Shili's(熊十力)ideas as the“new study of the mind”(新心学).Actually,the perspective of the“new study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty”(新宋学)may facilitate a better grasp on the intellectual aspiration and contemporary significance of Xiong Shili's ideas.Xiong understood the“study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty”(宋学)as the efforts in the post-Song period to revive Confucius'teachings on the study of internal sageliness and external kingliness(内圣外王之学),and divided the historical evolution of the“study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty”into five stages:Northern Song Dynasty,Southern Song Dynasty,mid-Ming Dynasty,late Ming Dynasty,and Qianlong(乾隆)and Jiaqing(嘉庆)periods of the Qing Dynasty.The model of the“study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty”in Xiong's mind,was actually the study created by the scholars of the late Ming Dynasty represented by Wang Chuanshan(王船山).Subsequent to the influx and impact of Western learning(西学),Xiong strove to revive and reconstruct Confucianism,and this reconstruction was in fact the new study of internal sageliness and external kingliness(新内圣外王之学),which followed the thought of heaven and humanity,the scientific spirit,the national spirit and the democratic spirit advocated by the scholars of the late Ming Dynasty.If we may say that Xiong's new study of internal sageliness was primarily derived from the study of Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty and was then developed into a form of modern philosophical ontology under the influence of Western Learning,his new study of external kingliness was challenged by Western Learning and motivated by the hope that he could dig up new ideas from traditional Confucianism and elucidate a modern form of scientific and democratic thought.Xiong believed that China's modernization must be deeply rooted in the soil of traditional Chinese culture.