Trade-offs between chemical resistance to herbivory and responses to abiotic stresses in invasive plants

INTRODUCTION Plants change their traits to respond to shifting environments,enabling them to defend against biotic stresses such as herbivorous insects,and/or tolerate abiotic stresses,such as extreme climate(Callaway et al.2022;Zhang et al.2018,2022).There are often costs when plants produce secondary chemicals to adapt to varying biotic or abiotic environments(Abdala-Roberts et al.2016).