国家公园生态保护理论及相关技术的国际经验与启示——以美国、加拿大和法国为例

International experiences and implications of ecological conservation theory and technologies in national parks:A comparative study of the United States,Canada and France

中国国家公园以生态系统原真性和完整性保护为目标,在取得显著成效的同时,仍存在空间完整性不足、发展空间受限、人地矛盾不可避免等问题和挑战。回顾了美国、加拿大、法国等地处不同区域、具有不同自然生态特征和社会发展背景的国家公园案例,梳理了荒野理念影响下的荒野保护和生态完整性保护,以及“生态团结”理论指导下的人地共生系统保护等不同类型的国家公园生态保护模式,总结了不同模式的保护目标、理论要点和保护策略及技术。基于对各国国家公园生态保护模式的背景、特征及相关经验的分析,从理论研究、平衡保护与发展的实践、生态保护的治理体系建设3个层面提出了采取优先行动的若干建议。

With the aim to safeguard the authenticity and integrity of ecosystems,remarkable outcomes have been made for China's national parks.However,scholars pointed out issues and challenges existed,including inadequate spatial integrity,limited scope for development,and the inevitable conflict between human activities and environmental preservation.In this study,cases of national parks with distinct natural ecological characteristics and socio-economic backgrounds from different areas in the United States,Canada,and France were reviewed.Meanwhile,it investigated various models of ecological conservation employed by these countries'national parks,including wilderness preservation and ecological integrity conservation influenced by the concept of wilderness,as well as human-land symbiotic system protection guided by the theory of"ecological solidarity".The objectives,theoretical foundations,protection strategies,and techniques employed in different modes are summarized comprehensively.Based on the analysis of the background,distinctive features,and relevant experiences of national park ecological conservation models in various countries,in the study,it put forward a set of recommendations for priority actions in three key dimensions:theoretical exploration,practice of balancing protection and development,and construction of ecological protection governance system.