明清云贵官方交通机构的职能与管理

Functions and Management of Official Transportation Agencies in the Yunnan-Guizhou Area During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清云贵地区的官方交通机构不限于驿传,而应包括维系人员出行、物资运输与信息传递的各类官方机构。可以分为如下四类:以维持国家行政运转为主的驿、铺;以维系国家物资运输为主的堡、站、递运所;以维护行旅安全为主的关、哨、巡检司、汛塘;以及为旅行提供服务与便利的渡口、公馆等。各类交通机构的职能并非泾渭分明,驿兼具物资运输与旅行服务职能,堡、站兼具军事护卫与信息传递职能,关、哨、汛塘兼具传递信息与运输物资职能。当今交通同样与政治、经济、治安、社会生活息息相关,这些职能一方面承续自古代,另一方面呈现出新的时代特点。

Official transportation agencies in the Yunnan-Guizhou area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were not limited to YiChuan(relay posts),but included various official agencies to maintain personnel travel,material transportation and information transmission.They counld be divided into the following four categories:Yi and Pu(post stations and courier stations)that mainly maintained the state administration operation;Bao,Zhan and Diyunsuo(forts,stations and transfer stations)that mainly maintained the transportation of national materials;Guan,Shao,Xunjiansi,XunTang(passes,sentry posts,inspection departments and military outposts)that mainly maintained the safety of travelers;ferries and mansions that provides services and convenience for travel.The functions of all kinds of transportation institutions are not distinct.For example,Yi had both material transportation and travel service functions,Bao and Zhan hadthe function of military escort and information transmission,and Guan,Shao,and XunTang had the function of transmitting information and transporting materials.Nowadays traffic is also closely related to politics,economy,public security and social life,and these functions on the one hand have been inherited from ancient times,and on the other hand have shown new characteristics of the times.