卡特政府人权外交政策缘起与实践——以韩国为例

A Study on the Origin and Practice of the Carter Administration's Human Rights Diplomatic Strategy: Based on the ROK Case

20世纪70年代,出于对越战与“水门事件”的反思,国会积极在外交领域开展活动,并特别呼吁美国政府在其对外政策中关注人权原则。卡特当选总统后回应了国会的诉求,首次明确将人权作为美国对外政策的主要目标之一。与此同时,自1972年起,朴正熙对内采取一系列高压政策,使韩国政府成为卡特政府人权外交政策的重要对象。卡特任职前期对韩国采取了“限定时间的安静外交”策略。此举加剧了韩国国内矛盾,引发政局动荡。以1979年12月全斗焕军事政变为转折,卡特政府对韩政策的重心转向维持韩国局势稳定。从韩国案例看,卡特政府在实施人权外交时,有两个突出特点:一是以美式价值观偏好的“民主化与政治自由”为主要议题,二是对盟国倾向于采取与高层秘密协商的方式。卡特政府人权外交政策的利己性与失衡性是其政策失败的根源。

In the 1970s, out of the reflection of the Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal, US Congress renewed its activities in the foreign affairs, and especially called on the Executive to pay attention to the human rights principles in its foreign policy. After being elected president, Carter responded to the appeal of Congress, and for the first time clearly took human rights as one of the main objectives of the US foreign policy. At the same time, since 1972, President Park Chung-hee adopted a series of coercive policies in ROK, making it one of the main targets of Carter's human rights diplomacy. In the early stage of his term, Carter adopted a “time-limited and quiet” strategy. This exacerbated ROK's domestic conflicts and triggered political turmoil. With the military coup of December 1979 as the turning point, the Carter administration's policy towards ROK shifted to maintaining the stability of ROK. The Carter administration's human rights diplomacy, as seen in the case of ROK, was characterized by two salient features: first, it focused on “democratization and political freedom”,which is preferred by American values;and second, it tended to use the secret consultation with high-level officials of its allies. The self-interest and unbalanced nature of the Carter administration's human rights strategy is the root cause of its failure.