冷战初期美国全球出口管制体系的建立和演变

The Establishment and Evolution of the American Global Export Control System in the Early Cold War

冷战初期,美国为遏制社会主义国家的发展、维持全球经济霸权,建立并不断调整其全球出口管制体系。杜鲁门政府奠定了该体系的初步框架,继任的艾森豪威尔政府通过四次评估不断调整该政策。具体而言,艾森豪威尔第一任期不再盲目关注管制物项数量的增长,而着眼于多措并举提升出口管制的实际执行效果。其第二任期则针对苏联科学技术发展而将出口管制的重点放在高新技术领域。出口管制政策的调整既显现了美国对国际政治经济战略的考量,也是对内外政策压力的回应。纵观整个艾森豪威尔任职时期,美国通过单边、多边与双边管制系统实施出口管制政策,其中单边管制构成了制度核心,多边管制扩大了管控范围,双边管制则是前两者的有力补充。即便如此,该体系仍存在明显的内在矛盾,表现为政策目标与实施效果的张力、不同管制系统间的角力及政策调整与执行强度之间的不一致等方面。这些矛盾要求美国不断评估和调整政策,以平衡不同利益。出口管制体系不仅是美国打压社会主义阵营的工具,也是维护其在资本主义阵营霸权的手段,反映出冷战初期国际经济政治局面的复杂性。

At the beginning of the Cold War,the United States established and constantly adjusted its global export control system to curb the development of the socialist countries and maintain its global economic hegemony.The Truman Administration set the initial framework of the system,and the successive Eisenhower Administration constantly adjusted the policy through four evaluations.More specifically,in Eisenhower's first tenure,he no longer paid blind attention to the increase in the number of the controlled items,but focused on taking various measures to improve the actual implementation effect of the export control.In his second tenure,he focused his export control on high-tech fields in view of the development of science and technology in the Soviet Union.The adjustment of export control policy not only showed the consideration of the American international political and economic strategy,but also responded to domestic and foreign policy pressures.Throughout Eisenhower's whole tenure,the United States implemented export controls by virtue of unilateral,multilateral and bilateral control policies,in which unilateral control constituted the core of the system,multilateral control expanded the scope of control,and bilateral control was a powerful supplement to the former two policies.Even so,there were still obvious internal contradictions in the system,which were manifested in the tension between policy objectives and implementation effects,the clash among different controls and the inconsistency between policy adjustment and implementation intensity.Those contradictions required the United States to constantly evaluate and adjust its policies to balance different interests.The export control system was not only a tool for the Untied States to suppress the socialist camp,but also a means to maintain its hegemony in the capitalist camp,reflecting the complexity of the international economic and political situation at the beginning of the Cold War.