Social acceptance and associated risks of geothermal energy development in East Africa: perspectives from geothermal energy developers

Social acceptance is a challenging aspect that affects the development of geothermal energy and such issues have been reported in many countries,such as Germany,Japan,Greece,and Kenya.In this study,we discuss the barriers to social acceptance and associated risks faced by geothermal energy developers in East Africa.We have conducted semi-structured interviews with international organ-izations(38.5%),public companies(38.5%),and private companies(23.1%).The interviews were qualitatively analysed using inductive content analysis.The key barriers identified by respondents were the lack of political,market,and community awareness;lack of local political support;lack of public funding;human resource shortages;involuntary resettlement;local cultural aspects;employ-ment issues;and demographic change.The lack of awareness of geothermal energy affects public and private funding,and leads to negative risk perception by communities.Risks,such as air,soil,and water pollution,land acquisition,social exclusion,resource risks,and drilling and project costs,were considered important by our respondents.In this study,we emphasize the need for the following:raising awareness regarding geothermal energy;training professionals;implementing strong surface studies to reduce the risks asso-ciated with the exploration stage;and conducting environmental and social impact assessment reports to mitigate negative risks to local communities,while also ensuring their engagement and raising their awareness about the negative risks of geothermal energy.