摘要
The diagnosis of patients with biliary strictures of undetermined etiology remains a significant challenge.Biliary strictures,whether benign or malignant,often present with similar clinical features and imaging findings.For patients,this uncertainty can lead to repeated laboratory and radiological tests,invasive procedures,as well as delayed treatment and considerable anxiety.The complexity of these cases necessitates the integration of multiple diagnostic modalities to enhance accuracy while balancing patient safety and resource utilization.
