从个人责任到生态社会主义国家:政治经济学、公共话语和气候危机

From Personal Responsibility to an Eco-socialist State:Political Economy,Popular Discourses and the Climate Crisis

气候变化的不利影响已经很明显,亟需采取行动来防止全面的气候灾难。尽管研究结果表明,以丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典为代表的社会民主主义福利国家通过环境政策积极应对气候变化,这些政策与促进经济和社会安全的公共政策相辅相成,但也不太可能避免气候灾难。避免灾难需要公众获得对能源政策的控制,并对抗化石开采行业的权力和影响力。从理论层面而言,这可以通过现有的政策工具来实现,但现实中可能需要建立后资本主义的生态社会主义国家。然而,即使在领先的生态社会主义学者那里,生态社会主义国家的轮廓仍然不确定。要实现这两种途径中的任何一种,都需要公众对此类行动有更深入的认识并予以支持。文章明确了关于气候变化的公共话语,这些话语反映了应对气候变化的进路和手段:一是个人责任;二是地方行动;三是技术官僚解决方案;四是公共政策倡导;五是平衡社会权力;六是建立后资本主义社会。尽管后两种话语最有可能支持有效的行动,但它们却是最边缘化的。

The adverse effects of climate change are already apparent with action required to forestall a full blown climate catastrophe.Despite findings that social democratic welfare states-Denmark,Finland,Norway and Sweden-more proactively respond to climate change through environmental policies that complement public policies promoting economic and social security,even these eco-social welfare state environmental policies are unlikely to avert a climate catastrophe.To avert a catastrophe will require gaining public control over energy policy and countering the power and influence of fossil-extracting industries.In theory,this could be accomplished through existing policy instruments.In reality,it may require establishment of a post-capitalist eco-socialist state,the outlines of which remain uncertain even among leading eco-socialist scholars.To effect either of these paths will require public awareness and support for such action.To that end,we identify public discourses of climate change which reflect these two ways forward as well as four other means of responding to climate change:(1)individual responsibility;(2)local action;(3)technocratic solution;(4)public policy advocacy;(5)balancing power in society;and(6)establishing a post-capitalist society.Despite the latter two discourses being the most likely to support effective action,they are the most marginalized.