治理结构视域下中德职业足球治理体制对比及启示

Comparative on the System of Professional Football Governance in China and Germany from the Perspective Governance Structures and Their Insights

治理体制是职业足球治理的基础,完善治理体制是推进职业足球治理现代化的现实需求和必然趋势。运用专家访谈、文献资料、对比分析法等方法,在治理结构视域下对比研究了中德职业足球治理体制,并从中得出启示。德国职业足球治理体制多元协同治理特点明显,治理主体间责权清晰、协同合作、相互制约,足协、职业联盟、俱乐部都有着完善的治理结构和制度体系。中国职业足球治理体制“政府管理——政府主导下双轨制管理——政府与协会协同治理”的模式演进符合国家治理现代化进程逻辑,治理主体历史变革有着政府主导、自上而下的延展性,多元主体协同共治是其发展趋势。与德国相比,中国职业足球治理体制各治理主体利益关系复杂、责权关系不清,政府领导行为明显、职业联盟缺位、足协和俱乐部治理结构和治理能力亟待完善提高,还未建立起完善的治理体制。应从构建中国特色职业足球治理体制、深化政府服务者角色转变、提升足协治理能力、推动职业联盟建立、完善俱乐部治理结构来深化治理体制改革,推进职业足球治理现代化。

The governance system is the foundation of professional football governance(PFG),and improving the governance system is a realistic need and an inevitable trend to promote the modernization of PFD.Using methods such as expert interviews,literature and comparative analysis,the Chinese and German PFG systems are compared and studied in the context of governance structures,and insights are drawn from them.Germany's PFG system is characterized by pluralistic and collaborative governance,with clear responsibilities and powers,cooperation and mutual constraints among the governing actors.DFB,DFL and clubs all have a sound governance structure and institutional system.The evolution of China's PFG system of"government management-government-led dual-track management-government-association governance"is in line with the modernization process of the national governance.The historical change of governance actors has government-led and top-down extension,and collaborative governance of multiple subjects is the development trend of PFG.Compared to Germany,the Chinese PFG system has complex interests and unclear relationships of responsibility and power among the various governing actors.The government's leadership behavior is obvious,the professional league is absent,and the governance structure and capacity of CFA and clubs need to be improved.It is necessary to deepen the reform of the governance system and promote the modernization of PFG by building a professional football governance system with Chinese characteristics,deepening the transformation of the role of government service providers,improving the governance capacity of CFA,promoting the establishment of professional leagues and improving the governance structure of clubs.