西宁方言的“着”和“者”

On the“Zhe(着)”and“Zhe(者)”of the Xi'ning Dialect

“着[t■■]”和“者[t■■]”是西宁方言中语法功能多样且使用频率很高的两个虚词,二者读音相似且用法上也有交叉。作为动态助词,“着”主要用于持续体,兼表完成体和先行体;而“者”则用于进行体和持续体。作为语气词,二者都出现在句尾,但“着”表祈使语气,而“者”则表肯定和确认。同时,“着”作为处所介词、方式标记和结构助词的用法都是“者”所不具备的。就“着”和“者”的来源来说,表附着义的动词“着”在魏晋时有了方位介词的用法,在唐代语法化为完成体标记,并进一步虚化为结构助词;六朝时“着”还可表持续体,唐代发展为进行体标记,受蒙古语副动词影响,元代“着”产生了方式标记的用法;祈使语气词“着”是由持续体标记演变而来,在此基础上发展为先行体标记。“者”的语气词用法当是由上古的指代词“者”虚化而来,进行体和持续体标记的“者”则是语言接触的产物,是用语气词“者”对译蒙古语动词后的附加成分产生。

Zhe(着)[t■■]and zhe(者)[t■■]are two function words with diverse grammatical functions and high frequency of use in Xining dialect,with similar pronunciations and overlapping usage.As a dynamic particle,zhe(着)is mainly used in the continuous,perfective and antecedent.And zhe(者)is used for the progressive and the sustained.As modal particles,both appear at the end of a sentence,but zhe(着)indicates the imperative mood,while zhe(者)indicates affirmation and confirmation.Meanwhile,the use of zhe(着)as a preposition,mode mark and structural particle is not possessed by zhe(者).As far as the origin of"zhe"and"zhe"is concerned,the verb zhe(着)with attached meanings had the use of position preposition in Wei and Jin Dynasties,and was grammatically transformed into perfect mark in Tang Dynasty,and further transformed into a structural particle.In the Six Dynasties,zhe(着)could also indicate a continuous aspect,and in the Tang Dynasty,it developed into a progressive aspect mark.In the Yuan Dynasty,zhe(着)developed the use of a mode mark influenced by Mongolian adverbs.The imperative particle zhe(着)evolved from the continuous aspect mark and developed into the antecedent aspect mark.The usage of the modal particle zhe(者)is derived from the virtualization of the ancient referent zhe(者).While the zhe(者)marked with progressive and continuous aspects is the product of language contact,which is generated by using the modal particle zhe(者)to translate additional components of Mongolian verbs.